tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13779736856906802442024-03-15T18:09:46.839-07:00MicrobiologyMicrobiology is the study of living organisms of microscopic size.Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-62383229335372655802016-03-28T13:16:00.001-07:002016-03-28T13:16:19.452-07:00Preservatives in Cosmetics products<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #212121; font-size: 20.0pt;">Preservatives in Cosmetics products<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14.0pt;">Introduction: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Preservatives are
chemical substance that is added to products such as food , pharmaceutical products , cosmetics and other products to
prevent the spoilage by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
Cosmetic and beauty products are made up of ingredients that are biodegradable,
and this means that microbes can easily break them down. This causes a product
to become unpleasant and unsafe for consumers.
Preservatives are antimicrobial ingredients added to product
formulations to maintain the microbiological safety of the products by
inhibiting the growth of and reducing the amount of microbial contaminants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Mechanism action of preservatives: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Preservatives are having limited protection
against viral contamination. But it works well on bacteria and fungus. Bactericides and fungicides may evince their
effects on a variety of microbial cellular targets, for example; the cell wall,
the cytoplasmic membrane or the cytoplasm.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cell wall activity may involve lysis due to
enzyme inhibition, as is the case with phenols and organo mercurials. In
contrast glutaraldehyde evinces its effect by irreversible cross-linking at the
cell wall.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cytoplasmic membrane activity may be due to
effects on membrane potential, membrane enzymatic function or general membrane
permeability . Cetrimide, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene, 2-phenoxyethanol,
parabens and phenols affect membrane permeability allowing ‘leaking’ of essential
cell constituents leading to cell death. Sorbic acid inhibits transport
mechanisms across the cytoplasmic membrane and suppresses fumarate oxidation.
Chlorhexidine also inhibits membrane ATPase, thereby inhibiting cellular
anaerobic activity. At higher concentrations it induces precipitation of
cytoplasmic nucleic acids and related proteins. Other biguanides induce phase
separation and the formation of domains in the phospholipid bi-layer.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cytoplasmic activity may concern uncoupling
of oxidative and phosphorylation processes or interference with active
transport mechanisms, as is the case with weak carboxylic acid and alcoholic
preservatives. Other preservatives can inhibit electron transport chains,
thereby inhibiting metabolic activity in aerobic bacteria [13]. Benzoic acid
and the parabens inhibit folic acid synthesis . Bronopol and other
organo-mercurials target thiol enzymes [3] in the cytoplasm (as do silver
compounds); whereas, formaldehyde donators e.g. imidurea act on the carboxylic
and amino enzymes in the cytoplasm.</span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">Types of Preservatives in Cosmetics: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cosmetics products are
easily contaminated by microbes such as bacteria and fungi. The cosmetic
formulations having water, oils , fats and vitamins are good medium for the
growth of micro organisms. Cosmetics may also be contaminated during usage and
handling. So , cosmetics formulations
need preservatives to preservation to ensure that products are safe to use for
a long time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Generally the following
5 types of preservatives are used in cosmetics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Parabens <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Formaldehyde releasers <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Isothiazolinones<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #000033; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Phenoxyethanol</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Organic acids<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Parabens <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Parabens are widely
used preservatives in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. they are a series
of parahydroxybenzoates or esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid (also known as
4-hydroxybenzoic acid). These compounds, and their salts, are used primarily
for their bactericidal and fungicidal properties. They can be found in
shampoos, commercial moisturizers, shaving gels, personal lubricants,
topical/parenteral pharmaceuticals, spray tanning solution, makeup, and
toothpaste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Methylparaben <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Propylparaben <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Formaldehyde releasers <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">A formaldehyde-releaser
is a chemical compound that slowly releases formaldehyde as it decomposes in a
product formulation. Formaldehyde-releasers are used as an
antimicrobial/antifungal preservative in cosmetics and hair care products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333;">DMDM
hydantoin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Imidazolidinyl urea</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Diazolidinyl urea</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Quaternium-15</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol) </span><br />
<span style="background: white;">5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane (Bronidox)</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Isothiazolinones<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333;">Isothiazolinone
is a heterocyclic chemical compound. Derivatives of isothiazolinone are used as
biocides. Isothiazolinones are antimicrobials used to control bacteria, fungi,
and algae in cooling water systems, fuel storage tanks, pulp and paper mill
water systems, oil extraction systems, wood preservation and antifouling
agents. They are frequently used in personal care products such as shampoos and
other hair care products, as well as certain paint formulations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Methylisothiazolinone
(MIT, MI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Chloromethylisothiazolinone
(CMIT, CMI, MCI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Benzisothiazolinone
(BIT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Octylisothiazolinone
(OIT, OI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone
(DCOIT, DCOI)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kathon CG (
combinations of MIT and CMIT)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #000033;">Phenoxyethanol<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Phenoxyethanol is a germicidal and germistatic glycol ether, phenol
ether, and aromatic alcohol often used together with quaternary ammonium
compounds.Phenoxyethanol is used as a perfume fixative; an insect repellent; an
antiseptic; a solvent for cellulose acetate, dyes, inks, and resins; a
preservative for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and lubricants; an anesthetic in
fish aquaculture; and in organic synthesis. Phenoxyethanol is effective against
gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and the yeast Candida albicans<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Example:<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Optiphen, Optiphen Plus (contains phenoxyethanol combined with others
for broad spectrum protection).<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Organic acids<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most
common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with
their carboxyl group –COOH.<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Example: <o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Benzoic Acid / Sodium Benzoate<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Sorbic Acid / Potassium sorbate<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Levulinic Acid<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Anisic Acid<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">List of some preservatives commonly used in cosmetics
products:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">S.No<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Chemical Substance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Max.concentration to be used. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">1</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">Benzoic
acid and its sodium salt.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">Rinse
off products, except</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">oral
care products; 2.5 %</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(acid)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">Oral
care products; 1.7 %</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(acid)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">Leave-on
products; 0.5 %</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">(acid)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">2</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Propionic acid
and its salts</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2% (acid)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">3</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Salicylic acid
and its salts</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.5% (acid</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">4</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Sorbic acid
(hexa-2,4-dienoic acid) and its salts</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.6% (acid)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">5</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
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</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">6</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Formaldehyde and
paraformaldehyde</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2% (except for
products for oral hygiene) 0.1% (for oral hygiene) expressed as free
formaldehyde</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">7</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Biphenyl-2-ol
(o-phenylphenol) and its salts</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2% expressed
as phenol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">8</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Zinc pyrithione</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Hair products;
1.0 % Other products; 0.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">9</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Inorganic
sulphites and hydrogensulphites</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2% expressed
as free SO2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">10</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Chlorobutanol(INN)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">11</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3-Acetyl-6-methylpyran-2,4
(3H)-dione (Dehydroacetic acid) and its salts</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.6% (acid)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">12</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Formic acid and
its sodium salt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.5 % (
Expressed as acid )</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">13</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3,3'-Dibromo-4,4'-hexamethylenedioxydibenzamidine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(Dibromohexamidine)
and its salts</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">( including
isethionate)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">14</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Thiomersal(INN)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.007% (of Hg)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">If mixed with
other mercurial</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">compunds
authorized by this</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Directive, the
maximum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">concentration of
Hg remains</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">fixed at 0.007%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">15</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Phenylmercuric
salts (including borate)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.007% (of Hg)
If mixed with other mercurial compunds authorized by this Directive, the
maximum concentration of Hg remains fixed at 0.007%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">16</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Undec-10-enoic
acid and its salts(+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2% (acid)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">17</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Hexetidine(INN)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">18</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3
dioxane</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">19</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Bronopol(INN)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">20</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2,4-Dichlorobenzyl
alcohol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.15%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">21</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Triclocarban(INN)
(+)(5)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">22</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4-Chloro-m-cresol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">23</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Triclosan(INN)
(+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.3%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">24</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4-Chloro-3,5-xylenol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">25</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3,3’-Bis(1-hydroxymethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-
4-yl)-1,1’-methylenediurea (“Imidazolidinyl urea”)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">26</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Poly(1-hexamethylenebiguanide
hydrochloride)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.3%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">28</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2-Phenoxyethanol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">29</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Hexamethylenetetramine
(methenamine) (INN)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.15%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">30</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Methenamine
3-chloroallylochloride (INNM)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">31</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1-(imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-
dimethylbutan-2-one) (+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">32</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-
dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">33</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Benzyl
alcohol(+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">34</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1-Hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-2
pyridon and its monoethanolamine salt</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1% -- Rinse off product.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0 .5 % -- Other
product</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">35</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">6,6-Dibromo-4,4-dichloro-2,2’-methylenediphenol
(Bromochlorophen)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">36</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4-Isopropyl-m-cresol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">37</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Mixture of 5-Chloro-2-methyl-isothiazol-3(2H)-
one and 2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one with magnesium chloride and magnesium
nitrate)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.0015% (of a
mixture in the ratio 3:1 of 5-Chloro-2- methyl-isothiazol-3(2H)-one and
2-methylisothiazol- 3(2H)-one)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">38</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2-Benzyl-4-chlorophenol
(chlorophene)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">39</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">2-Chloroacetamide</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.3%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">40</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Chlorhexidine(INN)
and its digluconate, diacetate and dihydrochloride(+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.3% expressed
as chlorhexidine</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">41</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1-Phenoxypropan-2-ol(+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">42</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Alkyl (C12-C22)
trimethyl ammonium, bromide and chloride)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">43</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">4,4-Dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">44</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">N-(Hydroxymethyl)-N-(dihydroxymethyl-1,3-
dioxo-2,5-imidazolinidyl-4)-N'-(hydroxymethyl) urea)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">45</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">1,6-Di(4-amidinophenoxy)-n-hexane
(Hexamidine) and its salts (including isethionate and p-hydroxybenzoate(+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">46</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Glutaraldehyde
(Pentane-1,5-dial)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">47</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">5-Ethyl-3,7-dioxa-1-azabicyclo
[3.3.0] octane</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.3%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">48</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">3-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-propane-1,2-diol
(chlorphenesin)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.3%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">49</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Sodium
hydroxymethylamino acetate (Sodium hydroxymethylglycinate</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">50</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Silver chloride
deposited on titanium dioxide</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.004%
calculated as AgCl</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">51</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">BenzethoniumChloride
(INCI)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">52</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Benzalkonium
chloride, bromide and saccharinate(+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.1% calculated
as Benzalkonium chloride</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">53</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Benzylhemiformal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.15%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">54</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Iodopropynylbutylcarbamate
(IPBC); 3-Iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">(a) rinse-off
products: 0.02 % (b) leave-on products: 0.01 % except in deodorants &
antiperspirants: 0.0075 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 59.4pt;" valign="top" width="79">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;">55</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.45pt;" valign="top" width="242">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Methylisothiazolinone(INCI)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt;">0.01 %</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">Safety: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Consumer health and
safety is the main reason for including preservatives in cosmetics. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Strict rules govern the
inclusion of preservatives in cosmetics. Throughout Europe, manufacturers must
choose from only those preservatives listed in the EU Cosmetics Legislation.
Allergy to preservatives is rare but a very small number of people could have
an allergic reaction to certain substances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The ingredients in
cosmetic products are labelled in accordance with EU legislation. This means
that people with sensitivities can be aware of any preservatives in product
formulations that could trigger an allergic reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">Conclusion: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are so many ways
for cosmetics products to come into contact with microorganisms even in
production or in consumer hands. Without preservatives, the cosmetics products
will go to unsafe to use. Just a small amount of preservative can protect
cosmetics from contamination over a long period. Most cosmetics need
preservatives. There are a few exceptions—perfumes, deodorants and hair sprays
with a high alcohol content, for example. For all other products, preservatives
have an important and beneficial role to play. Now some natural ingredients
like Neem oil, Rosemary extract are also used as preservatives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">References :<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/safety-and-science-cosmetics-europe/products-and-ingredients/preservatives-.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt;">https://www.cosmeticseurope.eu/safety-and-science-cosmetics-europe/products-and-ingredients/preservatives-.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://microchemlab.com/five_most_common_types_of_preservatives_used_in_cosmetics"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://microchemlab.com/five_most_common_types_of_preservatives_used_in_cosmetics</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newsghana.com.gh/mechanism-of-action-of-preservatives/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.newsghana.com.gh/mechanism-of-action-of-preservatives/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.fda.gov.ph/attachments/article/38607/Annex%20VI%20revised%20as%20per%2017th%20ACSB.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.0pt;">http://www.fda.gov.ph/attachments/article/38607/Annex%20VI%20revised%20as%20per%2017th%20ACSB.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">http://www.americanpharmaceuticalreview.com/Featured-Articles/38886-Antimicrobial-Preservatives-Part-One-Choosing-a-Preservative-System/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-20579637397052071422014-08-27T19:16:00.003-07:002014-08-27T19:17:07.877-07:00DISSERTATION TOPICS FOR MICROBIOLOGY STUDENTS.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dissertation topics
for B.Sc or M.Sc Microbiology Students.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u>Soil and
Agricultural Microbiology:<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Evaluation of possible
bacterial hosts for bacteriophage in soil and aquatic environments.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Comparative study about
antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil , lemon grass oil and Peppermint
oil. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Discovering probiotic
bacteria from soil and aquatic environment . </li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Efficacy of VAM on <span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Black rot disease in sugarcane.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Efficacy of VAM on Brown spot disease in sugarcane.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Physico , chemical, Bacteriological Analysis Of Well Water in Madurai District..</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Isolation And
Characteristics Of An Antibiotics Producing Bacterium Collected From soil
of Madurai..</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Onion Is Associated With
Micro-Organisms Which Are Capable Of Causing Spoilage.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Bacterial Contaminants
Associated With Commercial Poultry Feed From Three Different Companies</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Study of air microflora of
Chennai and its seasonal and locational variation</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><u>Cosmetic Microbiology<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Comparison of the efficacy
of ordinary washing and thorough
cosmetic hand washing in the
removal of faecal bacteria.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">Microbiological quality assessment of some brands of
cosmetics </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
powders sold within Tamil Nadu,
India.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Microbiological quality
and preservative capacity of commonly available cosmetics in Tamil Nadu, India.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Assessment of Microbial
quality of commercial herbal cosmetics.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Microbiological profile of
selected samples of "Himalaya" eye cosmetics in Tamil Nadu provinces
before and after use.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Bacteriological profile of
skin- moisturizing creams and lotions during use</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">The antifungal action of dandruff shampoos.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">The effects of a shampoo containing zinc pyrithione on the
control of dandruff.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u>Food and Industrial Microbiology<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Microbiological Examination Of Fresh Milk Sold In Madurai </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
.</div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Comparative Analysis Of Microbial Load Of
The Madurai and Chennai Main Water Production.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Comparative Study on performance of waste
water treatment plant on two different industries.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> Microbiological study of paper industries
influent</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Comparative study on Bacteriological and mycological profile of
fresh vegetables of Madurai and Chennai .</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Microbiology and chemical analysis of food
beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) at Chennai.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Bacteriological analysis of fish and its
environment and enzymatic activities of fish isolates</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Bacteriological study of icecream of
Chennai . </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">Using natural products and essential oils
as an alternative for reducing microorganisms toxins in crops, fruits and
processed foods</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u>Medical
Microbiology <o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal">Comparative Study Of
Disinfectant Efficiency Of Ethanol, Bleach And Phenolics Against
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Staphylococcus Aureus</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The Incidence Of
Candidiasis Among Single And Married Women Of Different Age Group</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Isolation And
Identification Of Bacteria Associated With Wound Sepsis</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants against </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Human Pathogenic Bacteria</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;">Study of Anaerobes Vs Aerobes in Wound Infections</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-83703609079273145172013-12-09T03:45:00.007-08:002013-12-09T03:45:57.059-08:00Outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Tamilnadu , India.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Outbreak
of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Tamilnadu</st1:city>
, <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
current outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) among cattle has significantly hit<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/milk-production"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none;">milk production</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">in Tamil Nadu. Foot –
and Mouth disease is a viral disease that affects<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloven-hoof" title="Cloven-hoof"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">cloven-hoofed</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" title="Animals"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">animals</span></a><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, including domestic
and wild<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bovids</span></a><span style="background: white;">. The virus causes a high
fever for two or three days, followed by</span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(dermatology)" title="Vesicle (dermatology)"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">blisters</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lameness" title="Lameness"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">lameness</span></a><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. The disease was
initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen
identified as a virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>The
FMD outbreak in world ( Last 6 months)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #999999; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Top of
Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href=""><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Start Date</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Bottom
of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #999999; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Top of
Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Country
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Bottom
of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #999999; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Top of
Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href=""><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Epidemiological
Unit Name</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Bottom
of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #999999; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Top of
Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href=""><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Serotype</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Bottom
of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="background: #999999; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Top of
Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href=""><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial;">Species</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 0in 0in;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="display: none; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hide: all;">Bottom
of Form<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24/09/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18/09/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mongolia</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ikh burkhant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">05/09/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laxi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19/08/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Naqu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10/08/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Qiaze<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">05/08/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quma township<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">05/08/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Randui village<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle, Sheep / goats<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22/07/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Duobuzha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">06/07/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mongolia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khar nuur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pending<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">05/07/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zhuxi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle, Swine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">04/07/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mongolia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sar Bastay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pending<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle, Goats, Sheep<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">09/06/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heping village<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle, Sheep, Swine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">08/06/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Longzhong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30/05/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Qudengyangge village<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27/05/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chinese Taipei<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wuri District<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24/05/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yongjiu village<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20/05/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zhonglou district<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17/05/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chinese Taipei<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baozhong Township<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16/05/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chinese Taipei<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jinhu Township<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15/05/2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China (People's Rep. of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Xiaoquzi village<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cattle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 127.45pt;" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 147.95pt;" width="197">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E4E4E4; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border: none; mso-cell-special: placeholder; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;" width="537"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Virus:
</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FMD is caused by a
non-enveloped Aphtovirus of the family Picornaviridae, existing in seven
distinct serotypes of FMD virus, namely, O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia
1, most of them with many more subtypes. Infection or vaccination with one
serotype, or in some cases even a different sub-type of the same serotype, does
not confer immunity against another. The genomic nature of FMD virus is RNA. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmission : The
virus is spread easily by animated and non-animated vectors, notably the
incubating or clinically affected animal or its products, but may also spread
airborne over substantial distances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FMD, characterised by
a vesicular condition of the feet, buccal mucosa and, in females, the mammary
glands, cannot be differentiated clinically from other vesicular diseases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pic: 1 : FMD Virus</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJenJ5B0NInGYgAgFAexguU9sMyHfrorCB24FKYmrn2anJiwVFsoVFcrJ_jq8GuP56m_1ynOFl1ElcCaGWky5IMGmzL2L8djZI_9Zf67Q1PTUXoK2B68MaTLErYOjBf-3sbpihRWqT_44/s1600/FMD+virus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJenJ5B0NInGYgAgFAexguU9sMyHfrorCB24FKYmrn2anJiwVFsoVFcrJ_jq8GuP56m_1ynOFl1ElcCaGWky5IMGmzL2L8djZI_9Zf67Q1PTUXoK2B68MaTLErYOjBf-3sbpihRWqT_44/s1600/FMD+virus.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Pathogenesis<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmission of FMD
is generally by contact between susceptible and infected animals. Infected
animals have a large amount of aerosolized virus in their exhaled air, which
can infect other animals via the respiratory or oral routes. All excretions and
secretions from the infected animal contain virus, and virus may be present in
milk and semen for up to 4 days before clinical signs appear. Aerosolized FMD
virus can spread a considerable distance as a plume, depending on weather
conditions, particularly when the relative humidity is >60% and when the
topography of the surface over which it is dispersing does not cause turbulence.
FMD has been transmitted to calves via infected milk, and milk tankers carrying
infected milk have been implicated in the spread of disease between farms.
Fodder can become contaminated after contact with infected animals and
iatrogenic spread of FMD has been reported.The horses, dogs, and cats are not
affected by FMD, they can act as mechanical vectors, as can humans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The primary site of
infection and replication is usually the mucosa of the pharynx, although the
virus can enter through skin abrasions or the GI tract. Virus is distributed
through the lymphatic system to sites of replication in the epithelium of the
mouth, muzzle, feet, and teats, and also to areas of damaged skin (eg, the
knees and hocks of pigs kept on concrete). Vesicles develop at these sites and
rupture, usually within 48 hr. The viremia persists for 4−5 days. Antibody
production can be detected from 3–4 days after the first clinical signs and is
usually sufficient to clear the virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The incubation period
for FMD is 2–14 days, depending on the infecting dose, susceptibility of the
host, and strain of virus—in pigs, it may be as short as 18 hr with some
strains of FMD virus. The clinical signs are more severe in cattle and
intensively reared pigs than in sheep and goats.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In cattle and pigs,
after the incubation period, anorexia and fever of up to 106°F (41°C) may
develop. Cattle salivate and stamp their feet as vesicles develop on the
tongue, dental pad, gums, lips, and on the coronary band and interdigital cleft
of the feet. Vesicles may also appear on the teats and udder, particularly of
lactating cows and sows, and on areas of skin subject to pressure and trauma,
such as the legs of pigs. Young calves, lambs, kids, and piglets may die before
showing any vesicles because of virus-induced damage to the developing cells of
the myocardium. Milk yield drops dramatically in milking animals, and all
animals show a loss in condition and growth rate that may persist after
recovery. Sheep and goats may develop only a few vesicles on the coronary band
and in the mouth. Vesicles in the mouth, even when severe, usually heal within
7 days, although recovery of the tongue papillae takes longer. Lesions on the
mammary gland and feet frequently develop secondary infections, resulting in
mastitis, underrunning of the sole, and chronic lameness. In pigs, the complete
horn of the toe may be lost. Cattle and deer may also lose one or both horns of
the foot, and deer may shed their antlers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Prevention and
control</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The initial measures
in the global strategy for dealing with FMD are early detection and warning
systems and prevention and rapid response measures and mechanisms in place.
This contributes to monitoring the occurrence, prevalence and characterisation
of FMD viruses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Protection of FMD
free countries, areas or zones is enhanced with stringent import and
cross-border animal movement controls and surveillance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is essential for
livestock owners and producers to maintain sound biosecurity practices to
prevent introduction/spread of the virus. Measures that are recommended at the
farm level include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">control
the introduction of new animals to existing stock;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">control
over access to livestock by people and equipment;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">maintain
sanitation of livestock pens, buildings, vehicles and equipment ;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">monitor
and report illness;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">appropriate
disposal of manure and dead carcasses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contingency planning
for potential outbreaks will identify the elements included in a response
effort to eradicate the disease, such as:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">humane destruction of
all infected, recovered and FMD-susceptible contact animals;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">appropriate disposal
of carcasses and all animal products;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">surveillance and
tracing of potentially infected or exposed livestock;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">strict quarantine and
controls on movement of livestock, equipment, vehicles, and;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">thorough disinfection
of premises and all infected material (implements, cars, clothes, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> In endemic areas, culling may be complemented
by vaccination for susceptible livestock. Vaccines used must protect against
the particular virus strain prevalent in the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Herbal Medicine to Treat FMD<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3f3f3f; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to TANUVAS , There are two types of herbal
medications to treat animals affected with FMD. The first involves the making
of a herbal and spicy mixture using ingredients like cumin, garlic, pepper,
turmeric, coconut shavings, fenugreek and applying it on the ulcerated and
blistered gums of the infected animal, thrice a day, in small quantities to
ensure it is chewed properly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3f3f3f; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Herbal-Medicine"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none;">herbal medicine</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3f3f3f; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3f3f3f; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">involves a concoction of
herbal leaves fried in gingelly oil. This mixture is applied to the blistered
limbs of infected cattle to keep it free from maggots and speed up the healing
process.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3f3f3f; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3f3f3f; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>References: </b></span></div>
</div>
Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-5745038826715380552013-04-20T22:17:00.001-07:002013-04-20T22:17:44.814-07:00Australia to Ban Blowing Out Birthday Candles to prevent germs.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Australia</span></b></st1:country-region></st1:place><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> to Ban Blowing Out Birthday Candles to prevent germs.</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Australian children are to
be banned from blowing out candles on birthday cakes under new hygiene
regulations that have been slammed by the Australian Medical Association as
“bubble-wrapping.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">According to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/new-childcare-hygiene-rules-throw-candles-in-the-bin/story-e6freuy9-1226571152277"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Australia’s<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Daily
Telegraph</em></span></a>, the guidelines, set by <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Australia</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">National Health
and Medical Research Council</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(NHMRC),
instruct daycare centers to provide birthday boys and girls with their own
individual cupcakes to blow the candles out, to avoid the spread of germs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> “Children love to blow out their candles while
their friends are singing ‘Happy birthday,’” the document states. “To prevent
the spread of germs when the child blows out the candles, parents should either
provide a separate cupcake, with a candle if they wish, for the birthday child
and enough cupcakes for all the other children.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Daycare staff should also
be required to clean toys, doorknobs, floors and cushion covers with
germ-killing disinfectant on a daily basis, while youngsters must wash their
hands with alcohol-based sanitizer before and after playing in sandpits, says
the NHMRC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">But Australian doctors say
the guidelines go too far, noting how exposure to bacteria is essential for the
development of a healthy immune system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">“If somebody sneezes on a
cake, I probably don’t want to eat it either — but if you’re blowing out
candles, how many organisms are transferred to a communal cake, for goodness’
sake?” AMA president Steve Hambleton<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health-fitness/strict-new-hygiene-rules-for-childcare-will-wrap-kids-in-a-bubble-says-ama/story-fneuz9ev-1226571089528"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">told News Ltd</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">“It’s normal and healthy
to be exposed to a certain amount of environmental antigens that build up our
immune systems. If you live in a plastic bubble you’re going to get
infections [later on] that you can’t handle.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The NHMRC also urged
parents to allow their children to stay at home if feeling unwell in order to
avoid unnecessarily spreading infections to their school classmates. Schools
should ignore doctors’ letters that state a pupil is healthy if teachers
suspect otherwise, said the council.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><b>
Thanks: World Time</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-635333036634667442012-11-16T08:27:00.002-08:002012-12-09T04:01:39.867-08:00Efficacy of VAM ( Vesicular – Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ) on Red rot Disease in Sugarcane.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6fCtKqnXrwD58dTYL12TX6rjPXDaZKxMQw4D_ldhlRaeoc69aG3gj63BLW5ejctyWFIW3UtRhqArc9yhKts9DliGYcil0g82bUbWlfQbNG0TFaNKyJmHtzlCPk-T_IZVAcRr20N4UXI/s1600/Pic+-+2+Red+Rot+disease.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik6fCtKqnXrwD58dTYL12TX6rjPXDaZKxMQw4D_ldhlRaeoc69aG3gj63BLW5ejctyWFIW3UtRhqArc9yhKts9DliGYcil0g82bUbWlfQbNG0TFaNKyJmHtzlCPk-T_IZVAcRr20N4UXI/s200/Pic+-+2+Red+Rot+disease.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red Rot Disease </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMe9MfBU2grfM9bh_WBeF1MbX5ld1ulXk84uvupeXjsUnKZgPnE3ZA4Y03aR0etkuLnQJYWa5YqkNGNw9tAFXPAjOcNMCgkgjVaWxT-Cbx-XnXZjR5jF-ZlQ5mqonWHqyRQEWctRQFIDI/s1600/Pic+1+-+Sugarcane.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMe9MfBU2grfM9bh_WBeF1MbX5ld1ulXk84uvupeXjsUnKZgPnE3ZA4Y03aR0etkuLnQJYWa5YqkNGNw9tAFXPAjOcNMCgkgjVaWxT-Cbx-XnXZjR5jF-ZlQ5mqonWHqyRQEWctRQFIDI/s1600/Pic+1+-+Sugarcane.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sugarcane plants</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiQ5sfAB6HyTe1plEAzEck_CG4F2SaougFyG1mHxmKvzo22MbHqZyVl9kJRfxuwuTup_I_1ZOIWD5j4i8QecVgB3Hhrxlyd6Hes2G_MGkoAHWza_-12gxlR4vRkKGWuFgnxR1e7igaGLM/s1600/Pic+3+-+Glomus+mosseae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiQ5sfAB6HyTe1plEAzEck_CG4F2SaougFyG1mHxmKvzo22MbHqZyVl9kJRfxuwuTup_I_1ZOIWD5j4i8QecVgB3Hhrxlyd6Hes2G_MGkoAHWza_-12gxlR4vRkKGWuFgnxR1e7igaGLM/s1600/Pic+3+-+Glomus+mosseae.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Glomus Mosseae</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPOjmmQtg9Z3RULgQUrDoMilljRSKT04qaRbeNUbz-0PuJBVII3BpDOyLbofB06yJsgv070Jq8rxWw4GDA2n_vRf3_vbCJzx501hHhZ87hfil4Jj0kk4KAmT57fbuA1ChSqM1vGxnE2Os/s1600/pic+4+-+Glomus+fasciculatum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPOjmmQtg9Z3RULgQUrDoMilljRSKT04qaRbeNUbz-0PuJBVII3BpDOyLbofB06yJsgv070Jq8rxWw4GDA2n_vRf3_vbCJzx501hHhZ87hfil4Jj0kk4KAmT57fbuA1ChSqM1vGxnE2Os/s1600/pic+4+-+Glomus+fasciculatum.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Glomus fasciculatum</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjfqVht0H8g0hBV0RUXR51hAbmJ7seL-V6ygSyk4TgLLJ1fvByYCgCCLNeOEWDyqbWRr-vJDxCMxzLiOmbanqgKf1A-3Yo9033XoDLeEe6jcgw8mLQK-3_KfuNxCl6U8zCyCu9ksAgZXo/s1600/Pic+5+-+Colletotrichum+falcatum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjfqVht0H8g0hBV0RUXR51hAbmJ7seL-V6ygSyk4TgLLJ1fvByYCgCCLNeOEWDyqbWRr-vJDxCMxzLiOmbanqgKf1A-3Yo9033XoDLeEe6jcgw8mLQK-3_KfuNxCl6U8zCyCu9ksAgZXo/s1600/Pic+5+-+Colletotrichum+falcatum.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colletotrichum falcatum</td></tr>
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<b>Efficacy of VAM ( Vesicular – Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ) on Red rot Disease in
Sugarcane.</b></div>
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( My dissertation work for the award of the degree M.Sc in
Microbiology.)</div>
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In this work , efficacy of VAM ( Vesicular – Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ) on the red rot disease in
sugarcane ( <i>Saccharum officinarum L</i> ) was studied. In the present study , the
sugarcane plants were taken as host plants. <i>Glomus
mosseae</i> and <i>Glomus fasciculatum</i>
were taken as mycorrhizal members . <i>Colletotrichum falcatum</i> , causative agent of
red rot disease , was taken as a pathogen. The mycorrhizal members were inoculated
individually and also in combination with the pathogen. Some of the plant
products like phenol , ortho
dihydric phenol , peroxidase , catalase
, phenol oxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase which are involved in the defense mechanism
were analyzed . </div>
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Red rot of sugarcane , a seed – piece transmissible fungal
disorder , caused by colletotrichum falcatum , is the most serious disease in <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>
(Agnihotri , 1990 ). The disease has
been responsible for phasing out of numerous commercial sugarcane genotype like
CO 213 , CO 299 , CO 312 , CO 313 etc. ( S.pandey and V.P. Agnihotri , 1996 ) .</div>
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In the present analysis , it was observed <i>Glomus
fasciculatum</i> induced more phenol
production when the sugarcane was infected by <i>Collectotrichum falcatum</i>. The
same <i>Glomus fasciculatum</i> was responsible for increased production of ortho –
dihydric phenol in sugarcane following the infection of collectotrichum
falcatum. It has been observed that certain common phenolic compounds ( toxic
to pathogens ) are produced and accumulate at faster rate after infection.
Accumulation of phenols and phytoalexins in VAM plants has been reported (
Krishna and Bagyaraj , 1984; Morandi et al 1984 ) which have been found in
tissues of variety of plants during pathogenesis (Vidhya sekaran 1988).</div>
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In the present analysis , increased level of ascorbic acid
oxidase activity was observed in Glomus mosseae treatment than the other
treatments. Both catalase and peroxidase activities were observed in higher
level in the <i>Glomus fasciculatuom</i> treated sugarcane platns. Similarly the
phenol oxidase activity was also very high in the treatment of <i>Glomus
fasciculatum</i> inoculated after the inoculation of <i>colletotrichum falcatum.</i></div>
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The VAM fungi are well known to bring about physiological
changes in plants via increasing various enzymatic activities ( Gianinazz et al
1991 ).</div>
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The increased peroxidase activity by VAM fungi may be due to
VAM inoculation also resulted in increased activity of phenol oxidase enzyme.
This increased phenol oxidase activity might be responsible for increased
phenolic contents in the plants. Peroxidase and phenol oxidase are important
enzyme of the defence mechanism of plants against pathogens. Both these enzymes
are involves in the oxidation of phenolic components into quinines , which are
toxic to the pathogen ( Nishimathur , 1995 ).</div>
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The present investigation once again proved that in a way
VAM is involved in the resistance mechanism of plants. Both <i>Glomus mosseae</i>
and <i>Glomus fasciculatum</i> are involved in the enhancement of defence
mechanism against red rot disease. But <i>Glomus fasciculatum</i> induces somewhat
better response over <i>Glomus mosseae. </i></div>
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<b>Note: Pictures are taken from internet.</b><br />
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Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-28300689899413402042012-04-21T19:15:00.000-07:002012-12-09T04:00:46.583-08:00CSIR-UGC (NET) EXAM: Syllabus for life science<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;">CSIR-UGC (NET) EXAM FOR AWARD OF JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP AND ELIGIBILITY FOR LECTURERSHIP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;">EXAM SCHEME FOR SINGLE PAPER CSIR-UGC NET Exam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;">CSIR-UGC NET Exam for Science stream is conducted by CSIR in the following areas: -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://csirhrdg.res.in/mcs_exam_cs.htm"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">Chemical Sciences</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://csirhrdg.res.in/mcs_exam_es.htm"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">Earth Sciences</span></a></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://csirhrdg.res.in/mcs_exam_ls.htm"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">Life Sciences</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://csirhrdg.res.in/mcs_exam_ms.htm"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;">Mathematical Sciences</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://csirhrdg.res.in/mcs_exam_ps.htm">Physical Sciences</a></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">TIME: 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS: 200</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">CSIR-UGC (NET) Exam for Award of Junior Research Fellowship and Eligibility for Lecturership shall be a Single Paper Test having Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). The question paper is divided in three parts</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">Part 'A' </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"> This part shall carry 20 questions pertaining to General Science, Quantitative Reasoning & Analysis and Research Aptitude. The candidates shall be required to answer any 15 questions. Each question shall be of two marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 30 out of 200.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">Part 'B'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"> This part shall contain 50 Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs) generally covering the topics given in the syllabus. A candidate shall be required to answer any 35 questions. Each question shall be of two marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 70 out of 200.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">Part 'C'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"> This part shall contain 75 questions that are designed to test a candidate's knowledge of scientific concepts and/or application of the scientific concepts. The questions shall be of analytical nature where a candidate is expected to apply the scientific knowledge to arrive at the solution to the given scientific problem. A candidate shall be required to answer any 25 questions. Each question shall be of four marks. The total marks allocated to this section shall be 100 out of 200.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">· There will be negative marking @25% for each wrong answer.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">· To enable the candidates to go through the questions, the question paper booklet shall be distributed 15 minutes before the scheduled time of the exam. The Answer sheet shall be distributed at the scheduled time of the exam.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">· On completion of the exam i.e. at the scheduled closing time of the exam, the candidates shall be allowed to carry the Question Paper Booklet. No candidate is allowed to carry the Question Paper Booklet in case he/she chooses to leave the test before the scheduled closing time.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, serif;">· Model Question Paper is available on HRDG website www.csirhrdg.res.in</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Syllabus for Life Science:</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN"><span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship and Lecturer-ship</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>LIFE SCIENCES</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>2. Cellular Organization</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>3. Fundamental Processes</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>5. Developmental Biology</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>6. System Physiology – Plant</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>7. System Physiology – Animal</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>8. Inheritance Biology</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>9. Diversity of Life Forms</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>10. Ecological Principles</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>11. Evolution and Behavior</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>12. Applied Biology</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>13. Methods in Biology</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>1. MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELAVENT TO BIOLOGY</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B Composition, structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C. Stablizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc.).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F. Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>G. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif and folds).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>H. Conformation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>I. Stability of proteins and nucleic acids.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>J. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides and vitamins.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A) Membrane structure and function</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>(Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport,electrical properties of membranes).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B) Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles (Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C) Organization of genes and chromosomes (Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D) Cell division and cell cycle (Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E) Microbial Physiology (Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>3. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A) DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B) RNA synthesis and processing (transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping,</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C) Protein synthesis and processing (Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post- translational modification of proteins).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>4. Cell communication and cell signaling</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A) Host parasite interaction Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B) Cell signaling Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C) Cellular communication Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D) Cancer</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E) Innate and adaptive immune system Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules. generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A) Basic concepts of development : Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and transgenics in analysis of development</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B) Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals : Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans, eye lens induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E) Programmed cell death, aging and senescence</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>6. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - PLANT</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A. Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B. Respiration and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C. Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D. Plant hormones – Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E. Sensory photobiology - Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F. Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation – uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>G. Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds and their roles.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>H. Stress physiology – Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>7. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - ANIMAL</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A. Blood and circulation - Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function, blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity, haemostasis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B. Cardiovascular System: Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, specialized tissue, ECG – its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation of all above.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C. Respiratory system - Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations, transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural and chemical regulation of respiration.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D. Nervous system - Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and posture.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E. Sense organs - Vision, hearing and tactile response.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F. Excretory system - Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine concentration, waste elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>G. Thermoregulation - Comfort zone, body temperature – physical, chemical, neural regulation, acclimatization.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>H. Stress and adaptation</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>I. Digestive system - Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>J. Endocrinology and reproduction - Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action, hormones and diseases; reproductive processes, gametogenesis, ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>8. INHERITANCE BIOLOGY</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A) Mendelian principles : Dominance, segregation, independent assortment.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B) Concept of gene : Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C) Extensions of Mendelian principles : Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D) Gene mapping methods : Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in plants.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E) Extra chromosomal inheritance : Inheritance of Mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, maternal inheritance.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F) Microbial genetics : Methods of genetic transfers – transformation, conjugation, transduction and sex-duction, mapping genes by interrupted mating, fine structure analysis of genes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>G) Human genetics : Pedigree analysis, lod score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>H) Quantitative genetics : Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL mapping.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>I) Mutation : Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>J) Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes : Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>K) Recombination : Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>9. DIVERSITY OF LIFE FORMS:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A. Principles & methods of taxonomy:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical & quantititative methods of taxonomy of plants, animals and microorganisms.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B. Levels of structural organization:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms. Levels of organization of tissues, organs & systems. Comparative anatomy, adaptive radiation, adaptive modifications.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C. Outline classification of plants, animals & microorganisms:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Important criteria used for classification in each taxon. Classification of plants, animals and microorganisms. Evolutionary relationships among taxa.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D. Natural history of Indian subcontinent:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Major habitat types of the subcontinent, geographic origins and migrations of species. Comman Indian mammals, birds. Seasonality and phenology of the subcontinent.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E. Organisms of health & agricultural importance:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Common parasites and pathogens of humans, domestic animals and crops.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F. Organisms of conservation concern:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Rare, endangered species. Conservation strategies.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>10. ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Habitat and Niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Population Ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Species Interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Community Ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Ecological Succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Ecosystem Ecology: Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and mineral cycling (C,N,P); primary production and decomposition; structure and function of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones of India.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Applied Ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity: status, monitoring and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity management approaches.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Conservation Biology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>11. EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A. Emergence of evolutionary thoughts</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Lamarck; Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection; Mendelism; Spontaneity of mutations; The evolutionary synthesis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B. Origin of cells and unicellular evolution:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Origin of basic biological molecules; Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers; Concept of Oparin and Haldane; Experiement of Miller (1953); The first cell; Evolution of prokaryotes; Origin of eukaryotic cells; Evolution of unicellular eukaryotes; Anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C. Paleontology and Evolutionary History:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>The evolutionary time scale; Eras, periods and epoch; Major events in the evolutionary time scale; Origins of unicellular and multi cellular organisms; Major groups of plants and animals; Stages in primate evolution including Homo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D. Molecular Evolution:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks; Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification; Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis; origin of new genes and proteins; Gene duplication and divergence.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E. The Mechanisms:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Population genetics – Populations, Gene pool, Gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg Law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and random genetic drift; Adaptive radiation; Isolating mechanisms; Speciation; Allopatricity and Sympatricity; Convergent evolution; Sexual selection; Co-evolution.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F. Brain, Behavior and Evolution:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Approaches and methods in study of behavior; Proximate and ultimate causation; Altruism and evolution-Group selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism; Neural basis</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal; Biological clocks; Development of behavior; Social communication; Social dominance; Use of space and territoriality; Mating systems, Parental investment and Reproductive success; Parental care; Aggressive behavior; Habitat selection and optimality in foraging; Migration, orientation and navigation; Domestication and behavioral changes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>12. APPLIED BIOLOGY:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A. Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B. Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics. Tissue and cell culture methods for plants and animals.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E. Bioresource and uses of biodiversity.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F. Breeding in plants and animals, including marker – assisted selection</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>G. Bioremediation and phytoremediation</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>H. Biosensors</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>13. METHODS IN BIOLOGY</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>A. Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA methods:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Isolation and purification of RNA , DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing gels.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>B. Histochemical and Immunotechniques</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, fluocytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>C Biophysical Method:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>D Statisitcal Methods:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test;; Basic introduction to Muetrovariate statistics, etc.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>E. Radiolabeling techniques:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>F. Microscopic techniques:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Visulization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze- fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>G. Electrophysiological methods:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT .</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>H. Methods in field biology:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, serif;"><b>Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior, habitat characterization: ground and remote sensing methods.</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Times, serif;">Thanks: HRDG-CSIR</span></div>
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Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com30tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-91554082873281511852011-11-22T08:11:00.000-08:002011-11-22T08:25:37.827-08:00LIST OF MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN FOOD CONTAMINATION:<p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">LIST OF MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN FOOD CONTAMINATION:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><o:p> </o:p></b> Generally, food having more amount of nutritional compound. So, most microorganisms use our food as a source of nutrients for their own growth. The growth of microorganisms on food causes decay of the food.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p> </o:p> Bacteria,Viruses,Fungi (Yeast and Mould),Algae and Protozoa are come under the category of microorganisms. However bacteria and fungi are important in the contamination of foods.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><o:p> </o:p>Bacteria:</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p> </o:p> Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms. Size of bacteria are 0.5 to 1.0 <span style="font-family: Symbol; ">m</span>m in diameter.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p> </o:p><b><o:p> </o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Important Bacterial Genus in food contamination:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Acetobacter <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>2)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Aeromonas <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>3)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Bacillus <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>4)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Alcaligens <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>5)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Alteromonas <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>6)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Campylobacter <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>7)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Clostridium <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>8)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Corynebacterium <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>9)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Brevibacterium <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>10)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Desulfotomaculum <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>11)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Enterobacter <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>12)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Erwinia <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>13)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Escherichia <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>14)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Lactobacillus<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>15)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Halobacterium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>16)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Gluconobacterium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>17)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Klebsiella<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>18)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Microbacterium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>19)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Micrococcus <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>20)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Leuconostoc<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>21)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Listeria <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>22)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Propionibacterium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>23)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Photobacterium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>24)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Pediococcus<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>25)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Mycobacterium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>26)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Proteus<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>27)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Staphylococcus <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></i><i><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span">28) Sporosarcina</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><i><span class="Apple-style-span">29) Sporolactobacillus<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><i><span class="Apple-style-span">30) Salmonella<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><i><span class="Apple-style-span">31) Shigella<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><i><span class="Apple-style-span">32) Pseudomonas<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><i><span class="Apple-style-span">33) Yrsinia<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><i><span class="Apple-style-span">34) Vibrio<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><i><span class="Apple-style-span">35) Streptomyces<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>36) Streptococcus.</i> </span></p><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Note:</b> Every Above genus having many species. Example, the Genus <i>Escherichia</i> having 7 species includins <i>Eschericha coli</i>, <i>Eschericha albertii</i> and the genus <i>Salmonella</i> having 28 species including <i>Salmonella typhi</i> and <i>salmonella enterica</i> etc.,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; ">Important Fungi ( Mould) Genus in Food Contamination:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>1)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Mucour<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>2)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Rhizopus<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>3)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Absidia<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>4)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Aspergillus<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>5)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Penicillium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>6)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Trichothecium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>7)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Geotrichum<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>8)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Neurospora<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>9)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Botrytis<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>10)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Trichoderma<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>11)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Pullularia<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>12)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> cladosporium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>13)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Helminthosporium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>14)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i> Fusarium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; ">Important Fungi (Yeast) Genus in Food Contamination:</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><o:p> </o:p><i style="text-indent: -24px; ">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></i><i style="text-indent: -24px; ">Saccharomyces</i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i>2)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Pichia<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><i>3)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></i><!--[endif]--></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span">Candida</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"><b> </b></span></o:p></p> <div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .75pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; margin-left:.25in;margin-right:0in"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .75pt; padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></o:p></p>Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-86536125276572570952011-09-08T10:22:00.000-07:002011-09-08T10:24:14.828-07:00Important Points on Microbiology:Part---2<p class="MsoNormal"><span><b>Important Points on Microbiology:Part---2</b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span>1)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>What is capsid?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span>The protein molecule surrounding the genetic material ( DNA or RNA) of viruses are called as capsid. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span>2)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>What is sterilization?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span><span> </span></span>Sterilization is a process which destroys all microorganisms. Sterilization is a important process in microbiology.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span>3)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>What are antibiotics?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span>A chemical substance is produced by microorganisms and it inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. It is known as antibiotic. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span> </span>4) Types of antibiotics:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span> </span>There are two types of antibiotics namely,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .75in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span>1)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>Narrow- spectrum antibiotics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops:list .75in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span>2)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>Broad-spectrum antibiotics.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span>5)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>What are Narrow- spectrum antibiotics?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span>Narrow spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of narrow range of microorganisms such as Gram-positive bacteria or Gram-negative bacteria, but not both. Example: Penicillin.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span>6)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>What are Broad-spectrum antibiotics?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span>Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill a wide range of microorganisms such as both Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria. Example: Tetracycline.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span>7)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>Who was<span> </span>first used phenol<span> </span>as an antiseptic?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span>Joseph lister.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span> 8)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>What are the chemical agents used to sterilize heat sensitive materials such as plastics?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>Ethylene oxide</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops:list 1.0in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>Formaldehyde<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops:list 1.0in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>Beta propiolactone<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.75in"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops:list .5in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span><span> 9)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>What are the heavy metals used as antimicrobial agents in microbiology?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops:list 1.0in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>Mercury<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops:list 1.0in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>Silver<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span><span>10)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>What are the chemicals used in ointments to inhibit the growth of fungus?</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.25in"><span><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span>Benzoic acid</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops:list 1.0in"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-font-kerning: 16.0pt"><span>·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span>Salicylic acid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-49809554424675271922011-06-05T00:18:00.000-07:002011-06-05T00:19:50.710-07:00Antisera for E.coli O 104.<p class="MsoNormal">Antisera for E.coli O 104.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Thanks: </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Brent Barrett,<st1:city st="on">Greenwood</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">Indiana</st1:state></p> <p class="MsoNormal">salbrent@sbcglobal.net</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Escherichia and Klebsiella at Statens Serum Institut suggests the use of K9 and O104 antisera for screening and confirmation of E. coli O104. Both O104 and K9 antisera are available from SSI Diagnostica</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The bacterium E.coli O104:H4 has been identified as the cause of the ongoing outbreak in <st1:place st="on">Northern Germany</st1:place> and belongs to the pathogenic group of E. coli which produces verocytotoxins (VT). VTEC strains can cause bloody diarrhoea and eventually lead to kidney failure in the form of haemolytic ureamic syndrome (HUS).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">As of May 29, 15:00 CET, a total of 329 cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) was reported to the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) since the beginning of May 2011, including three deaths. Of all cases, 71% were female and 88% 20 years or older</p> <p class="MsoNormal">http://www.ssi.dk/English/SSI%20Diagnostica/SSI%20Diagnostica%20news/2011/Use%20K9%20serum%20to%20screen%20for%20E%20coli%20O104.aspx</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></p><p></p>Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-8622193885879863592011-06-05T00:14:00.000-07:002011-06-05T00:15:59.840-07:00FDA statement on E. coli O104 outbreak in Europe<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks: FDA.</p><p class="MsoNormal">FDA statement on E. coli O104 outbreak in Europe</p><p class="MsoNormal">SILVER SPRING, Md., June 3, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The U.S. FDA has been in routine contact with the European Union and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to monitor the current outbreak of E. coli O104 and to track any illnesses in the U.S. that may be related to the outbreak.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>At this time, the Robert Koch Institute, the disease control and prevention public health agency of Germany, has not yet identified the definitive source of the infectious agent causing the outbreak, but has recommended that consumers in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region> avoid raw tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">To date, FDA believes that this outbreak has not affected the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> food supply. The FDA is constantly vigilant and consistently takes steps to increase monitoring, as appropriate, in situations such as this, to protect the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> food supply.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> receives relatively little fresh produce from the EU, particularly at this time of year. Due to the short shelf life of most fresh produce and the availability of growing areas in the <st1:country-region st="on">U.S.</st1:country-region> and <st1:place st="on">Central America</st1:place>, the EU is not a significant source of fresh produce for this country.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In response to the outbreak in <st1:place st="on">Europe</st1:place>, as a safety precaution, FDA established certain additional import controls. FDA is currently conducting increased surveillance of fresh tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and raw salads from areas of concern.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">"When these products are presented for import, we will sample them, and we will analyze them," said Dara Corrigan, associate commissioner for regulatory affairs, who is responsible for U.S. FDA border activities. "The FDA will not allow any products found to be contaminated to enter the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region>, and, if contamination is found, will flag future shipments for appropriate action.</p>Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-14203574772297720422011-03-16T09:30:00.000-07:002011-03-16T09:35:43.955-07:00Biological Warfare against Azadirachta indica ( Neem Tree)?<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA0yYHbHz-JukbpB604TI_XeMQh-26y2EbPSZNwx64cZQHwBGRP8yCM4xVWGn4nEdPq5z0eZh2rqYOJvUrl0Xe8Z80rA7MAQuxJxl8b7fn7RCDwS0hS-GSXVB3n9C4KU3fe6Mo0yzV0oI/s1600/1.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA0yYHbHz-JukbpB604TI_XeMQh-26y2EbPSZNwx64cZQHwBGRP8yCM4xVWGn4nEdPq5z0eZh2rqYOJvUrl0Xe8Z80rA7MAQuxJxl8b7fn7RCDwS0hS-GSXVB3n9C4KU3fe6Mo0yzV0oI/s200/1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584717013125379090" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjK4uPdvJ7Nzb6tb8sNHyrFTgITsreHqGvzXeiL7A00VIXJan7pFoFZftPubNTkoNO2oSeWIhyphenhyphenZ2ozklPpBgfuN1wJvfFoyTA3d7M8KFNms1G6GY2FNjiMoYOYRAwJtJ2ca95FmBNarVE/s1600/2.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjK4uPdvJ7Nzb6tb8sNHyrFTgITsreHqGvzXeiL7A00VIXJan7pFoFZftPubNTkoNO2oSeWIhyphenhyphenZ2ozklPpBgfuN1wJvfFoyTA3d7M8KFNms1G6GY2FNjiMoYOYRAwJtJ2ca95FmBNarVE/s200/2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584717006027991042" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdHKlq-nVcU_18svf49dYSEAphQ7XqTxUC9iV6w1CqeFyovepHbSWybj0iAq4hnsgH-CpNRVLyMAjMcJ5Y8gqnb6rOXHnR1QRWs-A4VRU1uNKEyaPR3sgwMOQ8i-2fpsnLXl21bSavGKk/s1600/3.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdHKlq-nVcU_18svf49dYSEAphQ7XqTxUC9iV6w1CqeFyovepHbSWybj0iAq4hnsgH-CpNRVLyMAjMcJ5Y8gqnb6rOXHnR1QRWs-A4VRU1uNKEyaPR3sgwMOQ8i-2fpsnLXl21bSavGKk/s200/3.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584717002985767410" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQaa0cemCvdKpm82-y6yztEEFXLZjDHo4hMWaz0597elKiDCADpJAcMNqAt6fYFO-qxFnnSPmtTb6f-8bZTwgIxbSqs8m-O5H_rCDyteLgJcLNP4M2FcUSD9eeoOJFcWcJ4aICFQ2dsmA/s1600/4.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQaa0cemCvdKpm82-y6yztEEFXLZjDHo4hMWaz0597elKiDCADpJAcMNqAt6fYFO-qxFnnSPmtTb6f-8bZTwgIxbSqs8m-O5H_rCDyteLgJcLNP4M2FcUSD9eeoOJFcWcJ4aICFQ2dsmA/s200/4.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5584716999175682290" /></a><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Biological Warfare against <i>Azadirachta indica</i> ( Neem Tree)?</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">By V.Palanivelan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>N</o:p>eem is a tree and it is native to <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region>,<st1:country-region st="on">Burma</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region st="on">Bangladesh</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region st="on">Sri Lanka</st1:country-region>,<st1:country-region st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Pakistan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The botanical name of Neem tree is<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><i>Azadirachta indica</i>. The seeds of neem contain a complex secondary metabolite namely azadirachtin.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">All parts of a neem tree such as bark, leaf and seed having medicinal properties. Neem used as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral agent. It also used as spermicidal agent.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Now days the mortality rate of neem trees are high. Why????????????</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Is it due to climate change? Is any biological warfare against neem?</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Biological warfare means the use of disease causing microorganisms to kill human, animals and plants. Is any chance to biological warfare against neem trees?</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is my doubt only. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>See above photos. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Photo: 1 : Fresh Neem plant.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Photo: 2 : Close-Up shot of fresh Neem leaves.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Photo:3 : Partially dead Neem Tree.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Photo: 4: Dead Neem Tree.</p>Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-61253641361528569612011-01-01T21:18:00.000-08:002011-01-01T21:21:56.354-08:00Important Points on Microbiology:Part---1<span style="font-weight:bold;">Important Points on Microbiology:Part---1</span><br /><br />1) Cell theory was proposed by Robert Hooke in 1665.<br /><br />2) Cells can be divided in to following two categories<br /><br />Prokaryotes<br />Eukaryotes<br /><br />3) Prokaryotes:<br /> The prokaryotes are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.<br />Ex.: Bacteria and Cyanobacteria<br /><br />4) Eukaryote<br />A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes.<br />Ex.: Animal cell, Plant Cell, Algae, Fungi<br /><br />5) Based on chemical composition of cell wall, bacteria can be classified in to following two categories.<br />1) Gram positive bacteria.<br />2) Gram Negative Bacteria.<br /><br />6) Are viruses considered either eukaryotes or prokaryotes?<br />Viruses are not comes under eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Viruses are acellular. It may be called as akaryotic.<br /><br />7) Basic shapes of Bacteria:<br /><br />Round shape --- called as Coccus.<br />Rod shape --- called as Bacillus.<br />Spiral shape --- called as Spirillum.<br /><br />8) What is pleomorphic?<br />Some bacteria can later their shapes and occur in different shapes. It is called as pleomorphic.<br /><br />9) Example for pleomorphic?<br />Rhizobium<br />Mycoplasma<br />Arthrobacter.<br /><br /><br />10) The first virus to be crystallized was <br />Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in 1935 by Wendell Meredith Stanley.<br /><br /><br />11) The five kingdom classification was proposed by <br /> R.H.Whittaker in the year 1969.<br />12) The two components of the binomial name of microorganisms are <br /> Genus and Species.<br /><br />13) What is flagella?<br /> Some bacteria have ability to move from one place to other by means of appendages called flagella. <br /><br />14) Form of flagella:<br />Monotrichous: Single flagellum found on bacteria. Ex. <span style="font-style:italic;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>.<br />Amphitrichous: A flagellum found on each end of the cell. Ex: <span style="font-style:italic;">Aquaspirillum serpens</span><br />Lophotrichous: Multiple flagella at the end of the cells. Ex: <span style="font-style:italic;">pseudomonas fluorescens</span><br />Peritrichous : Flagella found on entire body of the cells. Ex: <span style="font-style:italic;">salmonella typhi</span><br /><br />15) what is pili?<br />A hairlike appendages found on surface of many bacteria. It is called as Pili.<br /> 16) An alternative name for pili is Fimpriae. <br />17) What is difference between flagella and pili based on usage on bacteria?<br /><br />Flagella used to move and Pili used to initially colonize host cells.<br /><br />18) What is psychrophilic bacteria?<br /> It is a type of bacteria that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures, ranging from −15°C to +10°C. Ex. <span style="font-style:italic;">Arthrobacter</span> sp., <span style="font-style:italic;">Psychrobacter</span> sp.<br /><br />19) What is mesophilic bacteria?<br /> It is a type of bacteria that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between 25 and 40 °C. Ex. <span style="font-style:italic;">E.coli</span>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Salmonella </span>Sp, etc.<br /><br />20) What is thermophilic bacteria?<br />It is a type of bacteria that are capable of growth and reproduction in high temperatures between 45 and 80 °C. Ex. <span style="font-style:italic;">Thermus aquaticus</span><br /><br />21) What is Acidophilic bacteria?<br />Acidophilic bacteria are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions (usually at pH 2.0 or below). Ex. <span style="font-style:italic;">Thiobacillus acidophilus</span>.<br /><br />22) What is Alkaliphilic bacteria?<br />It is a type of bacteria that are capable of growth and reproduction in high pH between 9 and 11 Ex. <span style="font-style:italic;">Bacillus okhensis</span><br /><br />23) What is Chemotaxis?<br />Movement of bacteria in response to chemicals is called Chemotaxis.<br /><br />24) The Hereditary substance in all microorganisms is DNA.<br />25) Nomenclature was established by?<br /> Carolus Linnaeus.Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-43400847182904879112010-09-21T07:07:00.001-07:002010-09-21T07:07:45.985-07:00Amino Acid Composition of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 [Escherichia coli]Amino Acid Composition of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 [Escherichia coli]<br /><br />By,<br />V.palanivelan.<br /><br />The sequence details of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 [Escherichia coli]<br />were retrieved from Pubmed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) (Roy,S. and Basu,S.)<br /><br />The amino acid sequence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 [Escherichia coli] are as follows… <br /> <br />ldmpgfgava snglivrdgg rvlvvdtawt ddqtaqilnw ikqeinlpva lavvthahqd kmggmdalha agiatyanal snqlapqegm vaaqhsltfa angwvepata pnfgplkvfy pgpghtsdni tvgidgtdia fggclikdsk akslgnlg<br /><br />ProtParam (Gasteiger E et al, Protein Identification and Analysis Tools on the ExPASy Server) was used to predicate amino acid composition, atomic composition, molecular weight, Theoretical pI of the enzyme. The raw sequence of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 [Escherichia coli] was used as input file. <br />The amino Acid composition (Primary Structure) of above enzyme is as follows…<br /> <br /><br />Number of amino acids: 158<br />Molecular weight: 16.36 kDA.<br />Theoretical pI: 5.07<br />Amino acid composition: <br />Ala (A) 22 13.9%<br />Arg (R) 2 1.3%<br />Asn (N) 9 5.7%<br />Asp (D) 11 7.0%<br />Cys (C) 1 0.6%<br />Gln (Q) 7 4.4%<br />Glu (E) 3 1.9%<br />Gly (G) 19 12.0%<br />His (H) 5 3.2%<br />Ile (I) 9 5.7%<br />Leu (L) 14 8.9%<br />Lys (K) 6 3.8%<br />Met (M) 4 2.5%<br />Phe (F) 5 3.2%<br />Pro (P) 8 5.1%<br />Ser (S) 6 3.8%<br />Thr (T) 10 6.3%<br />Trp (W) 3 1.9%<br />Tyr (Y) 2 1.3%<br />Val (V) 12 7.6%<br />Pyl (O) 0 0.0%<br />Sec (U) 0 0.0%<br /><br /> (B) 0 0.0%<br /> (Z) 0 0.0%<br /> (X) 0 0.0%<br /><br />Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu): 14<br />Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys): 8<br /><br />Atomic composition:<br /><br />Carbon C 727<br />Hydrogen H 1137<br />Nitrogen N 199<br />Oxygen O 221<br />Sulfur S 5<br /><br />Formula: C727H1137N199O221S5<br />Total number of atoms: 2289<br /><br />Ref:<br />1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/BAJ10873.1<br />(Roy,S. and Basu,S.NDM-1 like metallobetalactamase in Escherihia coli causing outbreak of bloodstream infection in a neonatal ward, West Bengal, India) <br />2 ) www. expasy.org/tools/Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-65779882089562630912010-07-23T08:38:00.000-07:002010-07-23T08:45:34.089-07:00Bacteria in Earthquake Prediction?<strong>My question in DicCNet ( American Society for Microbiology) on 20/07/2010. <br />-----------V.Palanivelan.</strong><br /><br />[divc] Bacteria in Earthquake Prediction?<br />Tuesday, 20 July, 2010 9:55 PM<br />From: <br />"V.Palanivelan." <marinevelan@yahoo.co.in><br />Add sender to Contacts <br />To: <br />"DivC" <divc@mail.asmusa.org><br />Dear Friends,<br />Since ancient times people have believed that animals can sense impending earthquakes. Animals behavior may be unusual before earthquakes. Example: Chances of earthquake are found high when 1) Dogs start barking and howling unusually,2) Birds start twittering loudly and start flying high towards sky. <br /><br />Can we use bacteria in earthquake Prediction by monitoring the motility or enzymatic activity of bacterial cells in a particular region? Is it possible? <br /><br />With Regards,<br />V.Palanivelan,<br />Microbiologist,<br />Hiran Agroceuticals Pvt.Ltd,<br />Madurai-2<br />Tamil Nadu,INDIA.<br /><br /><strong>I got two replies for above question from microbiologists around the world.</strong><br /><br />1) Re: [divc] Bacteria in Earthquake Prediction?<br />Tuesday, 20 July, 2010 10:15 PM<br />From: <br />"John and Lucy James" <johnandlucyjames@mac.com><br />Add sender to Contacts <br />To: <br />"DivC" <divc@mail.asmusa.org><br />To List- <br /><br />Magnetotactic bacteria would be a possibility. <br /><br />John F. James, Ph.D., MPH, D(ABMM)<br /><br />Retired Microbiologist<br />----------------------------<br /><br />2) RE: [divc] Bacteria in Earthquake Prediction?<br />Tuesday, 20 July, 2010 10:33 PM<br />From: <br />"Garner, Omai" <OGarner@mednet.ucla.edu><br />Add sender to Contacts <br />To: <br />"DivC" <divc@mail.asmusa.org><br />This paper suggests that magnetotatic bacteria could be used for earthquake prediction.<br /><br />http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~jkirschvink/pdfs/earthquakeprediction.pdf<br /><br /><br /><br />Omai Garner, Ph.D<br />Postdoctoral Fellow<br />UCLA Clinical Microbiology Laboratory<br />P: 310-794-2722<br />F: 310-794-2765<br />E: ogarner@mednet.ucla.edu<br /><br />-------------------------------------------------------Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-70328756412845421052010-07-18T00:08:00.000-07:002010-07-18T00:12:25.678-07:00My Research Paper on SEBMy research paper on "Analysis of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B ( SEB) <br />using Bioinformatics Tools" published in “The Internet Journal of <br />Genomics and Proteomics" ( Volume 6 Number 1) . (ISPUB - Internet Scientific Publications)<br /><br />Abstract of my research paper is follows....<br /><br />"Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) is one of the toxin responsible for <br />staphylococcal food poisoning. This work was carried out to predicate the <br />primary, secondary and tertiary structure of SEB protein. And also to predicate<br />the DNA and RNA sequence which responsible for the translation of SEB protein.<br />The SEB protein sequence having 238 amino acid residues and molecular weight <br />of SEB protein is 28.23 kDA. SEB protein having high amount of lysine (13.4%) <br />and aspartate ( 10.1%). SEB having 22.27 % alpha helix and 39.08 % of random coil. <br />The potential cleavage site of SEB for enzymes were predicated by using bioinformatics tools. Proteinase K and Pepsin produce 93 and 84 cleavages respectively on SEB protein. The SEB amino acid composition is slightly similar with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type C 2and Streptococcal superantigen"<br /><br />To read my full research paper, please cut the following link and paste in your browser.<br /><br />http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_genomics_and_proteomics/volume_6_number_1_50/article_printable/analysis-of-staphylococcal-enterotoxin-b-seb-using-bioinformatics-tools.html<br /><br /><br />By,<br />V.PalanivelanPalanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-38492977282721706892010-04-12T08:54:00.000-07:002010-04-12T08:59:32.114-07:00Cosmetics Microbiology<strong>Cosmetics Microbiology:</strong><br />By : V.Palanivelan, <br /> <br /><strong>Introduction:</strong><br />Cosmetics are chemical formulation which used to enhance the appearance of skin and/or hair. The cosmetic products are otherwise known as Personal care products. In cosmetics an active ingredient or group of active ingredients are mixed with a ‘base’. The ‘base’ may be Gel, Cream, Lotion, Shampoo, Oil etc. The active ingredient means a chemical substance or herbal extract(s) which having some beneficial effect on skin/hair. For Example, Titanium dioxide (CAS number: 13463-67-7) is used in Sunscreen creams and Neem (<em>Azadirachta indica</em>) extract is used for antiseptic and Acne treatment purpose. In some cosmetics more herbal extracts like <em>Curcuma aromatica</em>, <em>Azadirachta indica</em>, <em>Ocimum </em><em>basilicum </em>are added. Those types of cosmetics are called as herbal cosmetics. Now herbal cosmetics are very popular in market. People are regularly using cosmetics are as follows,<br />• Face Cream<br />• Moisturizing Lotion<br />• Sun Screen Cream<br />• Shampoo<br />• Hair Oil<br />• Under Eye Gel<br />• Face Gel etc.<br /><br /><strong>Microorganisms and Cosmetics:</strong><br />Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature. The stability of cosmetics may be disturbed by microbial contamination. Fungal contaminations in cosmetics are more dangerous than bacterial contamination. It will destroy the nature of cosmetics due to their cotton type growth and it may cause the infection on skin. And used cosmetics are having more chance for microbial contamination. Due to improper handling, the cosmetics are contaminated by microbes. For example: Gels are easily contaminated when using wet fingers to apply on the face. And also cosmetics in wild mouth containers are easily contaminated than tubes. A research paper was published by Laila A. Nasser, Riyadh University For Girls -Saudi-Arabia (Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 15 (1) 121-128 June, 2008) on “Fungal Profiles Isolated from Open and Used Cosmetic Products Collected from Different Localities in Saudi Arabia”. According to Laila, the fungal genus Aspergillus was the most common genus while Aspergillus terreus was the most common species in open and used cosmetic products. Generally preservatives are used to inhibit the growth of microbes in food, beverages, cosmetics etc. <br /><strong>Preservatives:</strong><br />Preservatives are natural or chemical substance which is used to preserve the materials. <br />Preservatives are classified in to two groups namely,<br />Class I Preservatives and <br />Class II Preservatives.<br />Class I preservatives are natural substances like sugar, Salt, honey whereas Class II preservatives are chemicals such as Benzoate, Sorbate, Parabens Etc. Class II type preservatives are commonly used in cosmetics to inhibit the microbial growth. The chemicals like potassium sorbate, Salicylic acid, Benzyl alcohol are comes under Class II type preservatives. But ECOCERT (an organic certification organization in France) allows the above chemicals to use as preservatives in natural/organic cosmetics. The following chemicals are commonly used in cosmetics as preservatives.<br /><strong>Potassium Sorbate:</strong><br />CAS number 24634-61-5 <br />IUPAC name: Potassium (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoate<br />Use: It is used to inhibit the growth of yeast and mould.<br /><strong>Benzyl Alcohol:</strong><br />CAS number 100-51-6<br />IUPAC name: Phenylmethanol<br />Use: bacteriostatic.<br /><strong>Methyl Paraben:</strong><br />CAS number 99-76-3<br />IUPAC name: Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate<br />Use: Anti-Fungal agent.<br /><strong>Propyl Paraben:</strong><br />CAS number: 94-13-3<br />IUPAC name: propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate<br />Use: Anti-Fungal agent.<br /><br /><strong>Methyl paraben Sodium:</strong><br />CAS number : 5026-62-0 <br />Use: Anti-Microbial<br /><br /><strong>Propyl praben sodium:</strong><br />CAS number : 35285-69-9<br />Use: Anti-Microbial<br /><br />Now some cosmetics manufacturers are not using Parabens as a preservatives. But The European Cosmetics Association (COLIPA) said the parabean are not dangerous when used in cosmetics as preservatives.<br /><br />List of Preservatives: ( Allowed by COLIPA)<br /><br />Benzoic acid and its sodium salt <br />Propionic acid and its salts <br />Salicylic acid and its salts <br />Biphenyl-2-ol (o-phenylphenol) and its salts <br />3-Acetyl-6-methylpyran-2,4(3H)-dione (Dehydroacetic acid) and its salts <br />Formic acid and its sodium salt <br />Undec-10-enoic acid and its salts etc<br /><br /><strong>Manufacturing of Cosmetics:</strong><br /><br />The manufacturing unit should be a GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) Certified. The raw material should test for chemical and microbiological quality. The approved raw materials only used for manufacturing of products. <br />To maintain high quality and prevent microbial contamination during manufacturing process the following points should be considered.<br /><br />• The production area should be clean and dust free.<br />• The floor of production area should be cleaned by using disinfectants.<br />• Required persons only allowed with in production area. Excess workers should not be allowed.<br />• High standard personal hygiene should be maintained.<br />• Workers should not handle finished cosmetic products in vessels without proper instruction.<br />• The production area should be fumigated by regular intervals.<br /> <br /><strong>Analysis and Specifications:</strong><br /><br />The COA (Certificate of Analysis) for every purchased raw materials and every batch of finished goods should be maintained. The methodology and Specifications for cosmetic products are released by BIS (BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS) in India. Specification and Methodology for various cosmetics which released by BIS are as follows,<br />• IS 11377:1985 --- Guidelines for Hygienic Manufacture of Cosmetics.<br />• IS 14648:1999 --- Methods of Test for Microbiological Examination of Cosmetics.<br />• IS 66608:2004 --- Skin Creams - Specification.<br />• IS 7884:2004 --- Shampoo, Surfactant based- Specification.<br />• IS 5784: 2001 --- Shaving Soap – Specification.<br />• IS 7123:1993 --- Hair Oil – Specification.<br />According to IS 14648:1999, Total Viable Count is not more than 1000 cfu/gm in cream products. The sum of Total Bacterial Count and Yeast & Mould count gives Total Viable Count (TVC). Based on IS 14648:1999 only TVC can indicate on a COA. I wish to indicate the both counts ( i.e Bacterial Count and Yeast & Mould count) separately in a COA with individual specifications. Based on my experience in cosmetics industry, the Mould & Yeast counts especially the Mould count should be Zero (0). A COA for every finished cosmetics product may be like following one.<br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS</strong> <br /> <strong>MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS</strong> <br />Product Name: <br />B.No: <br />Mfg.Dt <br />Exp.Dt. <br /> <br />S.No Test Result Specification <br />1 Total Bacterial Count ** cfu/gm NMT 100 cfu/gm <br />2 Yeast and Mould Count <br />2.1 Yeast Count ** cfu/gm NMT 50 cfu/gm <br />2.2 Mould Count ** cfu/gm Nil <br />3 Gram Negative Pathogens Negative Negative <br /> <br /> <br />...............<br />My Thanks to: <br />Laila A. Nasser, Riyadh University For Girls -Saudi-Arabia.Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-22262217681636365662010-03-27T21:09:00.000-07:002010-03-27T21:15:29.996-07:00Public Health Agencies Warn of Outbreaks Related to Drinking Raw MilkI got a mail from Brent Barrett regarding outbreaks related to drinking raw milk. I wish to post that mail on my blog.<br /><br />My Thanks to: Brent Barrett<br />Greenwood, Indiana<br />salbrent@sbcglobal.net<br /><br /><br />For Immediate Release: March 26, 2010<br />Media Inquiries: Siobhan DeLancey, 301-796-4668, siobhan.delancey@fda.hhs.gov<br />Stephanie Kwisnek, 301-436-1856, stephanie.kwisnek@fda.hhs.gov<br />Consumer Inquiries: 888-INFO-FDA<br /><br />Public Health Agencies Warn of Outbreaks Related to Drinking Raw Milk<br />Latest outbreak of campylobacteriosis in Midwest is linked to unpasteurized product<br />The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, along with several state<br />agencies, is alerting consumers to an outbreak of campylobacteriosis<br />associated with drinking raw milk. At least 12 confirmed illnesses have<br />been recently reported in Michigan. Symptoms of campylobacteriosis<br />include diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever.<br />The FDA is collaborating with the Michigan Department of Community<br />Health (MDCH), the Illinois Department of Public Health, the Indiana<br />State Board of Animal Health and the Indiana State Health Department,<br />to investigate the outbreak. MDCH reports that, as of March 24, 2010,<br />it received reports of 12 confirmed cases of illness from Campylobacter infections in consumers who drank raw milk. The raw milk originated from Forest Grove Dairy in Middlebury, Ind.<br />Raw milk is unpasteurized milk from hoofed mammals, such as cows,<br />sheep, or goats. Raw milk may contain a wide variety of harmful<br />bacteria – including Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria, Campylobacter and Brucella -- that may cause illness and possibly death. Public health<br />authorities, including FDA and the Centers for Disease Control and<br />Prevention, have expressed concerns about the hazards of drinking raw<br />milk for decades.<br />Symptoms of illness caused by various bacteria commonly found in raw<br />milk may include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, headache<br />and body ache. Most healthy individuals recover quickly from illness<br />caused by raw milk. However, some people may have more severe illness,<br />and the harmful bacteria in raw milk can be especially dangerous for<br />pregnant women, the elderly, infants, young children and people with<br />weakened immune systems.<br />If consumers of raw milk are experiencing one or more of these<br />symptoms after consuming raw milk or food products made from raw milk,<br />they should contact their health care provider immediately.<br />Since 1987, the FDA has required all milk packaged for human<br />consumption to be pasteurized before being delivered for introduction<br />into interstate commerce. Pasteurization, a process that heats milk to<br />a specific temperature for a set period of time, kills bacteria<br />responsible for diseases, such as listeriosis, salmonellosis,<br />campylobacteriosis, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria and<br />brucellosis. FDA’s pasteurization requirement also applies to other<br />milk products, with the exception of a few aged cheeses.<br />From 1998 to 2008, 85 outbreaks of human infections resulting from<br />consumption of raw milk were reported to CDC. These outbreaks included<br />a total of 1,614 reported illnesses, 187 hospitalizations and 2 deaths.<br />Because not all cases of foodborne illness are recognized and reported,<br />the actual number of illnesses associated with raw milk likely is<br />greater.<br />Proponents of drinking raw milk often claim that raw milk is more<br />nutritious than pasteurized milk and that raw milk is inherently<br />antimicrobial, thus making pasteurization unnecessary. There is no<br />meaningful nutritional difference between pasteurized and raw milk, and<br />raw milk does not contain compounds that will kill harmful bacteria.<br />For more on the raw milk, please visit www.foodsafety.gov1.Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-7716194975758423642009-09-05T22:53:00.000-07:002009-09-05T23:00:20.551-07:00Genomic information of Mycobacteroum tyberculosis , Salmonella typhimurium and Treponema pallidum :<strong>Genomic information of <em>Mycobacteroum tyberculosis </em>, <em>Salmonella typhimurium </em>and <em>Treponema pallidum </em>: </strong><br /><br /><strong>Organisms:</strong> <em> Mycobacterium tuberculosis </em>F 11<br /><em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> is causative agent of Tuberculosis ( TB) . It is a aerobic bacteria and it infects lungs of human.<br /> <br /><strong>Genome information:</strong><br /><br />Total number DNA: 1<br />Topology : Circular<br />Size of DNA molecule : 4424435 bp<br />Number of Genes: 3950<br />Hypothetical genes: 92<br />tRNA : 45<br />r RNA : 3<br />Number of A : 760565 bp <br />Number of T :760652 bp <br />Number of G :1448726 bp <br />Number of C :1454492 bp <br />Number of A+T : 1521217 bp <br />Number of G+C : 2903218 bp<br /><strong><br />Organism : </strong> <em>Salmonella typhimurium </em>LT2 SGSC1412<br /><em>Salmonella typhimurium </em>is a gram negative bacterium. It may cause gastroenteritis. <br /><br /><strong>Genome information:</strong><br /><br />Total number DNA: 2 ( Plasmid DNA & Chromosome DNA)<br /><br />Plasmid DNA:<br /><br />Molecule Name : plasmid pSLT Salmonella typhimurium LT2 SGSC1412<br />Topology : Circular<br />Size of DNA Molecule : 93939 bp<br />Number of Genes: 162<br />tRNA : 0<br />r RNA : 0<br />Number of A : 22312 bp <br />Number of T : 21719 bp <br />Number of G : 25838 bp <br />Number of C : 24070 bp <br />Number of A+T : 44031 bp <br />Number of G+C : 49908 bp<br /><br />Chromosome DNA:<br /><br />Molecule Name : chromosome Salmonella typhimurium LT2 SGSC1412<br />Topology: Circular<br />Size of DNA molecule : 4857432 bp<br />Number of Genes: 5695<br />tRNA : 85<br />r RNA : 19<br />Number of A: 1160904 bp <br />Number of T :1159904 bp <br />Number of G :1268216 bp <br />Number of C :1268408 bp <br />Number of A+T: 2320808 bp <br />Number of G+C :2536624 bp<br /><br /><strong>Organism: </strong> <em>Treponema pallidum </em>Nichols<br /><br /><em>Treponema pallidum </em>is a spirochaete bacterium. It cause Syphilis ( Sexually Transmitted Disease). <br /><br /><strong>Genome information:</strong><br /><br />Total number DNA: 1<br />Topology : Circular<br />Size of DNA molecule : 1138012 bp<br />Number of Genes: 1039<br />Hypothetical genes: 282<br />tRNA : 45<br />r RNA : 6<br />Number of A :267895 bp <br />Number of T :269498 bp <br />Number of G :302333 bp <br />Number of C :298219 bp <br />Number of A+T: 537393 bp <br />Number of G+C :600552 bp<br /><br />-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-80655343848645800922009-09-05T09:13:00.000-07:002009-09-08T08:39:26.498-07:00Microbial Diseases of Blood<strong>Microbial Diseases of Blood:</strong><br /><br />Blood is a unique body fluid that contains RBC , WBC and Thrompocytes. . Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells. WBC of blood consist neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, lymphocytes and Monocytes. <br />Like other site of human body (eg: skin, nervous system etc) blood also infected by microorganisms. Microbial disease of blood are as follows…<br /><br /><strong>Bacterial Disease:</strong><br /> <br />1 childbed fever (Puerperal fever) ---- <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em><br />2 Anthrax (Woolsorter's disease) ---- <em>Bacillus anthracis</em><br />3 Plague ---------------------------- <em>Yersinia pestis</em><br />4 Tularemia ------------- <em>Francisella tularensis</em><br />5 Epidemic relapsing fever --------- <em>Borrelia recurrentis </em><br />6 Lyme disease ------------- <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em><br /><br /><strong>Viral Disease:</strong><br /><br />1) Yellow Fever ------ Yellow Fever Virus<br />2) Dengue Fever (dengue hemorrhagic fever) –----- Dengue Virus.<br />3) Infectious mononucleosis - ---- Epstein-Barr Virus<br />4) Fifth Disease (Erythema infectiosum) ---- Parovirus strain B19.<br />5) AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) --- HIV type 1 (or) HIV type 2.<br /><br /><strong>Rickettsial Disease:</strong><br /><br />1) Epidemic Typhus --------- <em>Rickettsia prowazekii</em><br />2) Endemic Typhus ---------- <em>Rickettsia typhi</em><br />3) Scrub Typhus ----------- <em>Rickettsia tsutsugamushi</em><br />4) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever ---- <em>Rickettsia rickettsii</em><br />5) Rickettsialbox --------- <em>Rickettsia akari</em><br />6) Trench Fever ---- <em>Rochalimaea Quintana</em><br /><br /><strong>Protozoan Disease :</strong><br /><br />1) Malaria -------- <em>Plasmodium vivax , P. ovale , P. malariae</em><br />2) Toxoplasmosis ---- <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em><br />3) Babesiosis ----- <em>Babesia microti</em>Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-30759554481528824882009-08-10T07:24:00.000-07:002009-08-10T07:29:05.282-07:00A Sequence Search Study on p24 protein of HIV<strong>A Sequence Search Study on p24 protein of HIV:</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Introduction:</strong><br /><br />Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is causative agent of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS). HIV infects about 0.6 % of world’s population. A virus which responsible for the destruction of T- Lymphocytes of immune system cells were identified in 1984 and in 1986, it was given the name Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV). It is a member of lentivirus. HIV having two copies of Single – Stranded RNA which enclosed by a capsid comprising the viral protein p 24. Some other proteins like Nucleocapsid proteins ( p6 and p7 ) and matrix protein ( p17) are also found in HIV. There are two strains of HIV, namely HIV- 1 and HIV -2. HIV-1 is more virulent and it infects globally. HIV- 2 is low virulent strain and is confined in West Africa.<br />The RNA of HIV consist of nine genes namely gag- pol, gag, env, tat, rev, nef, vif, vpr, vpu, and encoding 19 proteins. P 24 protein is translated from gag gene.<br />p 24 protein:<br />The P24 protein is core protein of HIV particles. The level of p24 protein in blood is an indicator of HIV infection progress in a patient. The sequence details of P24 protein of HIV -1 were retrieved from Protein Data Bank (Brookhaven National Laboratory). The PDB code for p24 protein is 3h47<br /><br /><strong>P24 protein Sequence:</strong><br /><br />>3H47:A|PDBID|CHAIN|SEQUENCE<br />PIVQNLQGQMVHQCISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSCGATPQDLNTMLNTVGGHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEW<br />DRLHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGTTSTLQEQIGWMTHNPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPTSILDIRQGPKEP<br />FRDYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQEVKNAATETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPGATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHKARVL<br /><br /><strong>Description about 3h47:</strong><br /><br /><strong>Scientific name:</strong> Human Immunodeficiency virus- type 1 ( New York-5 <strong>isolate)<br />Common Name:</strong> HIV-1<br /><strong>Expression System:</strong> Escherichia coli<br /><br /><strong>Primary structure of p24:</strong><br /><br />Number of amino acids in p24 protein is 231. Molecular weight is 25433.3 Da. Amiono acid composition of p24 protein are as follows: alanine ( 20 nos), arginine ( 11 nos), asparagine (10) aspartate ( 7), cystine (4),glutamine (15), glutamate (16), glycine (18), histidine (6),<br />isoleucine (15), leucine (18) , lysine ( 11) , methionine ( 10), phenylalanine (4),proline (18), serine (9), threonine (16), tryptophan (4) , tyrosine (4), valine (15). Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu) is 23 and total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys) is 22.<br /><br /><strong>Sequence Search:</strong><br /><br />The BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) was used to sequence search. <br />The Protein Blast was used to search protein database using a protein query. <br />The FASTA sequence of p24 protein produced following alignment.<br /><br /> Sequences producing significant alignments: <br /> E-Values Score Bits<br />pdb|3H47|A Chain A, X-Ray Structure Of Hexameric Hiv-1 Ca >pd... 481 2e-134 <br />gb|ACI05538.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 473 5e-132<br />sp|P12497.3|POL_HV1N5 RecName: Full=Gag-Pol polyprotein; AltN... 471 2e-131<br />gb|ABO61558.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 471 2e-131<br />gb|ACM46723.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 471 2e-131<br />gb|ACM46724.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 471 3e-131<br />gb|ACM46725.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 471 3e-131<br />sp|P12493.3|GAG_HV1N5 RecName: Full=Gag polyprotein; AltName:... 471 3e-131<br />gb|AAB60571.1| Gag polyprotein precursor [Human immunodeficie... 471 3e-131<br />gb|AAQ88418.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 470 4e-131<br />gb|AAQ88423.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 470 5e-131<br />gb|ACM46588.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 470 5e-131<br />gb|AAQ88417.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 470 5e-131<br />gb|AAQ88424.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 470 5e-131<br />gb|AAS86163.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 470 5e-131<br />gb|ACM46604.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 6e-131<br />gb|ACM46529.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 7e-131<br />gb|ACA49245.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 9e-131<br />gb|ABO61529.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 9e-131<br />gb|ACM46603.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 9e-131<br />gb|ACM46601.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 469 1e-130<br />gb|ABO61571.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 1e-130<br />gb|ACM46531.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 1e-130<br />gb|ABY78510.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 1e-130<br />gb|AAD03190.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus type 1] 469 1e-130<br />gb|ACM46477.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 1e-130<br />gb|ACM46474.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 469 1e-130<br />gb|AAB04036.1| gag gene product 469 1e-130<br />gb|AAD03191.1| gag-pol fusion polyprotein [Human immunodefici... 469 1e-130<br />gb|ACA49253.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 1e-130<br />gb|ABY78460.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 1e-130<br />gb|AAO63178.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 1e-130<br />gb|ACB38948.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 1e-130<br />gb|AAQ88420.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 1e-130<br />gb|ACM46383.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46528.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46447.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ABY78161.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46182.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46181.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 468 2e-130<br />gb|ABO61536.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACO50476.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|AAT80862.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACN80868.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46444.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 468 2e-130<br />gb|AAQ88414.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46381.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46446.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|AAQ88419.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ABQ82091.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 2e-130<br />gb|ACM46174.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 468 2e-130<br />gb|AAT80851.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 3e-130<br />gb|ACN80869.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 3e-130<br />gb|ACO50486.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 3e-130<br />gb|ACM50096.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 3e-130<br />gb|ACI05474.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 468 3e-130<br />gb|ACN80875.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|ACM46629.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|ABY78204.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|ACO50554.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|ABY78525.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|AAC54642.1| gag gene product 467 3e-130<br />gb|AAB38052.1| gag polyprotein [Human immunodeficiency virus ... 467 3e-130<br />gb|ACN80877.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|ACM46476.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|AAX33011.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|ACM46559.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 3e-130<br />gb|ACM46560.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />sp|P35963.3|POL_HV1Y2 RecName: Full=Gag-Pol polyprotein; AltN... 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACM46530.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACM46631.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACI05470.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />sp|P35962.2|GAG_HV1Y2 RecName: Full=Gag polyprotein; AltName:... 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACM50124.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACM46561.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|AAB38044.1| gag polyprotein [Human immunodeficiency virus ... 467 4e-130<br />gb|AAC28445.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus type 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACN80873.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 467 4e-130<br />gb|AAX32993.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACM50017.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACI05469.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACM46486.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] >... 467 4e-130<br />gb|ABY78420.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|AAK66083.1| gag polyprotein [Human immunodeficiency virus ... 467 4e-130<br />gb|ACO50515.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|AAQ88421.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 4e-130<br />gb|ABY78326.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 467 5e-130<br />gb|ABY78209.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 5e-130<br />gb|AAK66074.1| gag polyprotein [Human immunodeficiency virus ... 466 5e-130<br />emb|CAD26945.1| gag polyprotein [Human immunodeficiency virus... 466 5e-130<br />emb|CAD26947.1| gag polyprotein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 5e-130<br />gb|AAX33038.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 5e-130<br />gb|ABY78216.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 5e-130<br />gb|ACM46637.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br />gb|ABP37939.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br />gb|AAT80864.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br />gb|AAX33002.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br />gb|ABY78211.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br />dbj|BAF42561.1| Gag [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br />gb|ABV00783.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br /><br /><strong>Sequence Alignment:</strong><br /><br /><strong>First Alignment:</strong><br /><br />pdb|3H47|A Chain A, X-Ray Structure Of Hexameric Hiv-1 Ca >pd... 481 2e-134 <br /><br /><br />Identities = 231/231 (100%), Positives = 231/231 (100%), Gaps = 0/231 (0%)<br /><br />Query 1 PIVQNLQGQMVHQCISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSCGATPQDLNTMLNTVG 60<br /> PIVQNLQGQMVHQCISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSCGATPQDLNTMLNTVG<br />Sbjct 1 PIVQNLQGQMVHQCISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSCGATPQDLNTMLNTVG 60<br /><br />Query 61 GHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGTTSTLQEQIGWMTH 120<br /> GHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGTTSTLQEQIGWMTH<br />Sbjct 61 GHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGTTSTLQEQIGWMTH 120<br /><br />Query 121 NPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPTSILDIRQGPKEPFRDYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQE 180<br /> NPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPTSILDIRQGPKEPFRDYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQE<br />Sbjct 121 NPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPTSILDIRQGPKEPFRDYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQE 180<br /><br />Query 181 VKNAATETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPGATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHKARVL 231<br /> VKNAATETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPGATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHKARVL<br />Sbjct 181 VKNAATETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPGATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHKARVL 231<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Last Alignment:</strong><br /><br />gb|ABV00783.1| gag protein [Human immunodeficiency virus 1] 466 6e-130<br /><br />Identities = 224/231 (96%), Positives = 225/231 (97%), Gaps = 0/231 (0%)<br /><br />Query 1 PIVQNLQGQMVHQCISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSCGATPQDLNTMLNTVG 60<br /> PIVQN+QGQMVHQ ISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALS GATPQDLNTMLNTVG<br />Sbjct 135 PIVQNVQGQMVHQAISPRTLNAWVKVVEEKAFSPEVIPMFSALSEGATPQDLNTMLNTVG 194<br /><br />Query 61 GHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGTTSTLQEQIGWMTH 120<br /> GHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGTTSTLQEQIGWMTH<br />Sbjct 195 GHQAAMQMLKETINEEAAEWDRLHPVHAGPIAPGQMREPRGSDIAGTTSTLQEQIGWMTH 254<br /><br />Query 121 NPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPTSILDIRQGPKEPFRDYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQE 180<br /> NPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSP SILDIRQGPKEPFRDYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQE<br />Sbjct 255 NPPIPVGEIYKRWIILGLNKIVRMYSPASILDIRQGPKEPFRDYVDRFYKTLRAEQASQE 314<br /><br />Query 181 VKNAATETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPGATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHKARVL 231<br /> VKN TETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGP ATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHKARVL<br />Sbjct 315 VKNWMTETLLVQNANPDCKTILKALGPAATLEEMMTACQGVGGPGHKARVL 365<br /><br /><br />The First alignment shows 100 % of positive alignment with query. It is p24 protein whereas last alignment shows 97 % of positive alignment with our query. It is also from HIV. But it is not p24 protein. The p24 protein sequence did not produce significant alignments with any other organisms. So, It is a characteristic protein for HIV.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>References:</strong><br />1)Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002;186:1181-1185 <br />2)Stephen F. Altschul, Thomas L. Madden, Alejandro A. Schäffer, Jinghui Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Webb Miller, and David J. Lipman (1997), "Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs", Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402.<br />3)X-ray structures of the hexameric building block of the HIV capsid.Pornillos, O., Ganser-Pornillos, B.K., Kelly, B.N., Hua, Y., Whitby, F.G., Stout, C.D., Sundquist, W.I., Hill, C.P., Yeager, M.(2009) Cell(Cambridge,Mass.) 137: 1282-1292Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1377973685690680244.post-39324349712638099792009-08-10T07:08:00.000-07:002009-08-10T07:21:46.557-07:00Genes of Rabies Virus<strong>Genes of Rabies Virus</strong>
<br />
<br />Rabies is a fatal viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in
<br />warm blooded animals. It is transmitted by animals. Rabies is caused
<br />by Rabies virus. Rabies virus is a member of Lyssavirus genus of the
<br />Rhabdoviridae family. Rabies virus is a Single Stranded RNA virus.
<br />It’s RNA having 11,932 nt length. Structural RNAs and Pseudo genes
<br />are not found. Totally 5 genes are present in Rabies virus. Namely,
<br />1) RABVgp5
<br />2) RABVgp4
<br />3) RABVgp3
<br />4) RABVgp2
<br />5) RABVgp1
<br />All the five genes are protein coding genes. The % of GC content
<br />is 45. Nucleotide sequence of all 5 genes are as follows…
<br />
<br /><strong>Genes:</strong>
<br />
<br /><strong>1)RABVgp5</strong>
<br /><strong>Gene ID:</strong> 1489857
<br /><strong>Locus tag:</strong> RABVgp5
<br /><strong>RNA Name:</strong> L mRNA
<br /><strong>Annotation:</strong> NC_001542.1 (5388..11863)
<br />
<br /><strong>Nucleotide Sequence:</strong>
<br />
<br />
<br />AACACTTCTCATCCTGAGACCTACTTCAAGATGCTCGATCCTGGAGAGGTCTATGATGACCC
<br />TATTGACCCAATCGAGTTAGAGGCTGAACCCAGAGGAACCCCCACTGTCCCCAACATCTTGA
<br />GGAACTCTGACTACAATCTCAACTCTCCTTTGATAGAAGATCCTGCTAGACTAATGTTAGAA
<br />TGGTTAAAAACAGGGAATAGACCTTATCGGATGACTCTAACAGACAATTGCTCCAGGTCTTT
<br />CAGAGTTTTGAAAGATTATTTCAAGAAGGTAGATTTGGGTTCCCTCAAGGTGGGCGGAATGG
<br />CTGCACAGTCAATGATTTCTCTCTGGTTATATGGTGCCCACTCTGAATCCAACAGGAGCCGG
<br />AGATGTATAACAGACTTGGCCCATTTCTATTCCAAGTCGTCCCCCATAGAGAAGCTGTTAAA
<br />TCTCACGCTAGGAAATAGAGGGCTGAGAATCCCCCCAGAGGGAGTGTTAAGTTGCCTTGAGA
<br />GGGTTGATTATGATAATGCATTTGGAAGGTATCTTGCCAACACGTATTCCTCTTACTTGTTC
<br />TTCCATGTAATCACCTTATACATGAACGCCCTAGACTGGGATGAAGAAAAGACCATCCTAGC
<br />ATTATGGAAAGATTTAACCTCAGTGGACATCGGGAAGGACTTGGTAAAGTTCAAAGACCAAA
<br />TATGGGGACTGCTGATCGTGACAAAGGACTTTGTTTACTCCCAAAGTTCCAATTGTCTTTTT
<br />GACAGAAACTACACACTTATGCTAAAAGATCTTTTCTTGTCTCGCTTCAACTCCTTAATGGT
<br />CTTACTTTCTCCCCCAGAGCCCCGATACTCAGATGACTTGATATCTCAGCTATGCCAGCTGT
<br />ACATTGCTGGGGATCAAGTCTTGTCTATGTGTGGAAACTCCGGCTATGAAGTCATCAAAATA
<br />TTGGAGCCATATGTCGTGAATAGTTTAGTCCAGAGAGCAGAAAAGTTTAGGCCTCTCATTCA
<br />TTCCTTGGGAGACTTTCCTGTATTTATAAAAGACAAGGTAAGTCAACTCGAAGAGACGTTCG
<br />GTTCCTGTGCAAGAAGGTTCTTTAGGGCTCTGGATCAATTCGACAACATACATGACTTGGTT
<br />TTTGTGTATGGCTGTTACAGGCATTGGGGGCACCCATATATAGATTATCGAAAGGGTCTGTC
<br />AAAACTATATGATCAGGTTCACATTAAAAAAGTGATAGATAAGTCCTACCAGGAGTGCTTAG
<br />CAAGCGACCTAGCCAGGAGGATCCTTAGATGGGGTTTTGATAAGTACTCCAAGTGGTATCTG
<br />GATTCACGATTCCTAGCCCGAGACCACCCCTTGACTCCTTATATCAAAACCCAAACATGGCC
<br />ACCCAAACATATTGTAGATTTGGTGGGGGATACATGGCACAAGCTCCCGATCACGCAAATCT
<br />TTGAGATTCCTGAATCAATGGATCCATCAGAAATATTGGATGACAAATCACATTCTTTCACC
<br />AGAACGAGACTAGCTTCTTGGCTGTCAGAAAACCGAGGGGGGCCTGTTCCTAGCGAAAAAGT
<br />TATTATCACGGCCCTGTCTAAGCCGCCTGTCAATCCCCGAGAGTTTCTGAAGTCTATAGACC
<br />TCGGAGGATTGCCAGATGAAGACTTGATAATTGGCCTCAAGCCAAAGGAACGGGAATTGAAG
<br />ATTGAAGGTCGATTCTTTGCTCTAATGTCATGGAATCTAAGATTGTATTTTGTCATCACTGA
<br />AAAACTCTTGGCCAACTACATCTTGCCACTTTTTGACGCGCTGACTATGACAGACAACCTGA
<br />ACAAGGTGTTTAAAAAGCTGATCGACAGGGTCACCGGGCAAGGGCTTCTGGACTATTCAAGG
<br />GTCACATATGCATTTCACCTGGACTATGAAAAGTGGAACAACCATCAAAGATTAGAGTCAAC
<br />AGAGGATGTATTTTCTGTCCTAGATCAAGTGTTTGGATTGAAGAGAGTGTTTTCTAGAACAC
<br />ACGAGTTTTTTCAGAAGTCCTGGATCTATTATTCAGACAGATCAGACCTCATCGGGTTACGG
<br />GAGGATCAAATATACTGCTTAGATGCGTCCAACGGCCCAACCTGTTGGAATGGCCAGGATGG
<br />CGGGCTAGAAGGCTTACGGCAGAAGGGCTGGAGTCTAGTCAGCTTATTGATGATAGATAGAG
<br />AATCTCAAATCAGGAACACAAGAACCAAAGTACTAGCTCAAGGAGACAACCAGGTTTTATGT
<br />CCGACATATATGTTGTCGCCAGGGCTATCTCAAGAGGGGCTCCTCTATGAATTGGAGAGCAT
<br />ATCAAGGAATGCATTTTCGATATACAGAGCCGTCGAGGAAGGGGCATCTAAACTAGGGCTGA
<br />TCATCAAGAAAGAAGAGACCATGTGTAGTTATGACTTCCTCATCTATGGAAAAACCCCTTTG
<br />TTTAGAGGTAACATATTGGTGCCTGAGTCCAAAAGATGGGCCAGAGTCTCTTGCGTCTCTAA
<br />TGACCAAATAGTCAACCTCGCCAATATAATGTCGACAGTGTCCACCAACGCGCTAACAGTGG
<br />CACAACACTCTCAATCTTTGATCAAACCGATGAGGGATTTTCTGCTCATGTCAGTACAGGCA
<br />GTCTTTCACTACCTGCTATTTAGCCCAATCTTAAAGGGAAGAGTTTACAAGATTCTGAGCGC
<br />TGAAGGGGAGAGCTTTCTCCTAGCCATGTCAAGGATAATCTATCTAGATCCTTCTTTGGGAG
<br />GGGTATCTGGAATGTCCCTCGGAAGATTCCATATACGACAGTTCTCAGACCCTGTCTCTGAA
<br />GGGTTATCCTTCTGGAGAGAGATCTGGTTAAGCTCCCACGAGTCCTGGATTCACGCGTTGTG
<br />TCAAGAGGCTGGAAACCCAGATCTTGGAGAGAGAACACTCGAGAGCTTCACTCGCCTTCTAG
<br />AAGATCCTACCACCTTAAATATCAGAGGAGGGGCCAGTCCTACCATTCTACTCAAGGATGCA
<br />ATCAGAAAGGCTTTATATGACGAGGTGGACAAGGTGGAGAACTCAGAGTTTCGAGAGGCAAT
<br />CCTGTTGTCCAAGACCCATAGAGATAATTTTATACTCTTCTTAACATCTGTTGAGCCTCTGT
<br />TTCCTCGATTTCTCAGTGAGCTATTCAGTTCGTCTTTTTTGGGAATCCCCGAGTCAATCATT
<br />GGACTGATACAAAACTCCCGAACGATAAGAAGGCAGTTTAGAAAGAGTCTCTCAAAAACTTT
<br />AGAAGAATCCTTCTACAACTCAGAGATCCACGGGATTAGTCGGATGACCCAGACACCTCAGA
<br />GGGTTGGGGGGGTGTGGCCTTGCTCTTCAGAGAGGGCAGATCTACTTAGGGAGATCTCTTGG
<br />GGAAGAAAAGTGGTAGGCACGACAGTTCCTCACCCTTCTGAGATGTTGGGGTTACTTCCCAA
<br />GTCCTCTATTTCTTGCACTTGTGGAGCAACAGGAGGAGGCAATCCTAGAGTTTCTGTATCAG
<br />TACTCCCGTCTTTTGATCAGTCATTTTTTTGCACGGGGCCCCTAAAGGGGTACTTGGGCTCG
<br />TCCACCTCTATGTCGACCCAGCTATTCCATGCATGGGAAAAAGTCACTAATGTTCATGTGGT
<br />GAAGAGAGCTCTATCGTTAAAAGAATCTATAAACTGGTTCATTACTAGAGATTCCAACTTGG
<br />CTCAAACTCTAATTAGGAACATTGTGTCTCTGACAGGCCCTGATTTCCCTCTAGAGGAGGCC
<br />CCTGTTTTCAAAAGGACGGGGTCAGCCTTGCATAGGTTCAAGTCTGCCAGATACAGCGAAGG
<br />AGGGTATTCTTCTGTATGCCCGAACCTCCTCTCTCATATTTCTGTTAGTACAGACACCATGT
<br />CTGATTTGACCCAAGACGGGAAGAACTACGATTTCATGTTCCAGCCATTGATGCTTTATGCA
<br />CAGACATGGACATCAGAGCTGGTACAGAGAGACACAAGGCTAAGAGACTCTACGTTTCATTG
<br />GCACCTCCAATGCAACAGGTGTGTGAGACCCATTGACGACGTGACCCTGGAGACCTCTCAGA
<br />TCTTCGAGTTTCCGGATGTGTCGAAAAGAATATCCAGAATGGTTTCTGGGGCTGTGCCTCAC
<br />TTCCAGAGGCTTCCCGATATCCGTCTGAGACCAGGAGATTTTGAATCTCTAAGCGGTAGAGA
<br />AAAGTCTCACCATATCGGATCAGCTCAGGGGCTCTTATACTCAATCTTAGTGGCAATTCACG
<br />ACTCAGGATACAATGATGGAACCATCTTCCCTGTCAACATATACGGCAAGGTTTCCCCTAGA
<br />GACTATTTGAGAGGGCTCGCAAGGGGAGTATTGATAGGATCCTCGATTTGCTTCTTGACGAG
<br />AATGACAAATATCAATATTAATAGACCTCTTGAATTGATCTCAGGGGTAATCTCATATATTC
<br />TCCTGAGGCTAGATAACCATCCCTCCTTGTACATAATGCTCAGAGAACCGTCTTTTAGAGAA
<br />GAGATATTTTCTATCCCTCAGAAAATCCCCGCCGCTTATCCAACCACTATGAAAGAAGGCAA
<br />CAGATCAATCTTGTGTTATCTCCAACATGTGCTACGCTATGAGCGAGAGGTAATCACGGCGT
<br />CTCCAGAGAATGACTGGCTATGGATCTTTTCAGACTTTAGAAGTGCCAAAATGACGTACCTA
<br />ACCCTCATTACTTACCAGTCTCATCTTCTACTCCAGAGGGTTGAGAGAAACCTATCTAAGAG
<br />TATGAGAGATAACCTGCGACAATTGAGTTCCTTGATGAGGCAGGTGCTGGGCGGGCACGGAG
<br />AAGATACCTTAGAGTCAGACGACAACATTCAACGACTACTAAAAGACTCTTTACGAAGGACA
<br />AGATGGGTGGATCAAGAGGTGCGCCATGCAGCTAGAACCATGACTGGAGATTACAGCCCCAA
<br />CAAGAAGGTGTCCCGTAAGGTAGGATGTTCAGAATGGGTCTGCTCTGCTCAACAGGTTGCAG
<br />TCTCTACCTCAGCAAACCCGGCCCCTGTCTCGGAGCTTGACATAAGGGCCCTCTCTAAGAGGT
<br />TCCAGAACCCTTTGATCTCGGGCTTGAGAGTGGTTCAGTGGGCAACCGGTGCTCATTATAAGC
<br />TTAAGCCTATTCTAGATGATCTCAATGTTTTCCCATCTCTCTGCCTTGTAGTTGGGGACGGGT
<br />CAGGGGGGATATCAAGGGCAGTCCTCAACATGTTTCCAGATGCCAAGCTTGTGTTCAACAGTC
<br />TTTTAGAGGTGAATGACCTGATGGCTTCCGGAACACATCCACTGCCTCCTTCAGCAATCATGA
<br />GGGGAGGAAATGATATCGTCTCCAGAGTGATAGATTTTGACTCAATCTGGGAAAAACCGTCCG
<br />ACTTGAGAAACTTGGCTACCTGGAAATACTTCCAGTCAGTCCAAAAGCAGGTCAACATGTCCT
<br />ATGACCTCATTATTTGCGATGCAGAAGTTACTGACATTGCATCTATCAACCGGATAACCCTGT
<br />TAATGTCCGATTTTGCATTGTCTATAGATGGACCACTCTATTTGGTCTTCAAAACTTATGGGA
<br />CTATGCTAGTAAATCCAAACTACAAGGCTATTCAACACCTGTCAAGAGCGTTCCCCTCGGTCA
<br />CAGGGTTTATCACCCAAGTAACTTCGTCTTTTTCATCTGAGCTCTACCTTCGATTCTCCAAAC
<br />GAGGGAAGTTTTTCAGAGATGCTGAGTACTTGACCTCTTCCACCCTTCGAGAAATGAGCCTTG
<br />TGTTATTCAATTGTAGCAGCCCCAAGAGTGAGATGCAGAGAGCTCGTTCCTTGAACTATCAGG
<br />ATCTTGTGAGAGGATTTCCTGAAGAAATCATATCAAATCCTTACAATGAGATGATCATAACTCT
<br />GATTGACAGTGATGTAGAATCTTTTCTAGTCCACAAGATGGTGGATGATCTTGAGTTACAGAGG
<br />GGAACTCTGTCTAAAGTGGCTATCATTATAGCCATCATGATAGTTTTCTCCAACAGAGTCTTCA
<br />ACGTTTCCAAACCCCTAACTGACCCCTTGTTCTATCCACCGTCTGATCCCAAAATCCTGAGGCA
<br />CTTCAACATATGTTGCAGTACTATGATGTATCTATCTACTGCTTTAGGTGACGTCCCTAGCTTC
<br />GCAAGACTTCACGACCTGTATAACAGACCTATAACTTATTACTTCAGAAAGCAAGTCATTCTAG
<br />GGAACGTTTATCTATCTTGGAGTTGGTCCAACGACACCTCAGTGTTCAAAAGGGTAGCCTGTAA
<br />TTCTAGCCTGAGTCTGTCATCTCACTGGATCAGGTTGATTTACAAGATAGTGAAGACTACCAGA
<br />CTCGTTGGCAGCATCAAGGATCTATCCGGAGAAGTGGAAAGACACCTTCATAGGTACAACAGGT
<br />GGATCACCCTAGAGAATATCAGATCTAGATCATCCCTACTAGACTACAGTTGCCTGTGCATCGG
<br />ATACTCCTGGAAGCCTGCCCATGCTAAGACTCTTGTGTGATGTATTTTGAAAAAAAC
<br />
<br /><strong>2) RABVgp4</strong>
<br /><strong>Gene ID:</strong> 1489856
<br /><strong>Locus tag:</strong> RABVgp4
<br /><strong>RNA Name:</strong> G mRNA
<br /><strong>Annotation:</strong> NC_001542.1 (3291..4964)
<br />
<br /><strong>Nucleotide Sequence:</strong>
<br />
<br />
<br />AACATCCCTCAAAAGACTCAAGGAAAGATGGTTCCTCAGGCTCTCCTGTTTGTACCCCTTCTGGT
<br />TTTTCCATTGTGTTTTGGGAAATTCCCTATTTACACGATACCAGACAAGCTTGGTCCCTGGAGCC
<br />CGATTGACATACATCACCTCAGCTGCCCAAACAATTTGGTAGTGGAGGACGAAGGATGCACCAAC
<br />CTGTCAGGGTTCTCCTACATGGAACTTAAAGTTGGATACATCTCAGCCATAAAAATGAACGGGTT
<br />CACTTGCACAGGCGTTGTGACGGAGGCTGAAACCTACACTAACTTCGTTGGTTATGTCACAACCA
<br />CGTTCAAAAGAAAGCATTTCCGCCCAACACCAGATGCATGTAGAGCCGCGTACAACTGGAAGATG
<br />GCCGGTGACCCCAGATATGAAGAGTCTCTACACAATCCGTACCCTGACTACCACTGGCTTCGAAC
<br />TGTAAAAACCACCAAGGAGTCTCTCGTTATCATATCTCCAAGTGTGGCAGATTTGGACCCATATG
<br />ACAGATCCCTTCACTCGAGGGTCTTCCCTGGCGGGAATTGCTCAGGAGTAGCGGTGTCTTCTACC
<br />TACTGCTCCACTAACCACGATTACACCATTTGGATGCCCGAGAATCCGAGACTAGGGATGTCTTG
<br />TGACATTTTTACCAATAGTAGAGGGAAGAGAGCATCCAAAGGGAGTGAGACTTGCGGCTTTGTAG
<br />ATGAAAGAGGCCTATATAAGTCTTTAAAAGGAGCATGCAAACTCAAGTTATGTGGAGTTCTAGGA
<br />CTTAGACTTATGGATGGAACATGGGTCGCGATGCAAACATCAAATGAAACCAAATGGTGCCCTCC
<br />CGGTCAGTTGGTGAATTTGCACGACTTTCGCTCAGACGAAATTGAGCACCTTGTTGTAGAGGAGT
<br />TGGTCAAGAAGAGAGAGGAGTGTCTGGATGCACTAGAGTCCATCATGACCACCAAGTCAGTGAGT
<br />TTCAGACGTCTCAGTCATTTAAGAAAACTTGTCCCTGGGTTTGGAAAAGCATATACCATATTCAA
<br />CAAGACCTTGATGGAAGCCGATGCTCACTACAAGTCAGTCAGAACTTGGAATGAGATCATCCCTT
<br />CAAAAGGGTGTTTAAGAGTTGGGGGGAGGTGTCATCCTCATGTAAACGGGGTATTTTTCAATGGT
<br />ATAATATTAGGACCTGACGGCAATGTCTTAATCCCAGAGATGCAATCATCCCTCCTCCAGCAACA
<br />TATGGAGTTGTTGGTATCCTCGGTTATCCCCCTTATGCACCCCCTGGCAGACCCGTCTACCGTTT
<br />TCAAGAACGGTGACGAGGCTGAGGATTTTGTTGAAGTTCACCTTCCCGATGTGCACGAACGGATC
<br />TCAGGAGTTGACTTGGGTCTCCCGAACTGGGGGAAGTATGTATTACTGAGTGCAGGGGCCCTGAC
<br />TGCCTTGATGTTGATAATTTTCCTGATGACATGCTGGAGAAGAGTCAATCGATCGGAACCTACAC
<br />AACACAATCTCAGAGGGACAGGGAGGGAGGTGTCAGTCACTCCCCAAAGCGGGAAGATCATATCT
<br />TCATGGGAATCATACAAGAGCGGGGGTGAGACCGGACTGTGAGAGCTGGCCGTCCTTTCAACGA
<br />TCCAAGTCCTGAAGATCACCTCCCCTTGGGGGGTTCTTTTTGAAAAAAAA
<br />
<br /><strong>3) RABVgp3</strong>
<br /><strong>Gene ID:</strong> 1489855
<br /><strong>Locus tag:</strong> RABVgp3
<br /><<strong>strong>RNA Name:</strong> M2 mRNA
<br />Annotation:</strong> NC_001542.1 (2481..3285)
<br />
<br /><strong>Nucleotide Sequence:</strong>
<br />
<br />AACACCACTGATAAAATGAACTTTCTACGTAAGATAGTGAAAAATTGCAGGGACGAGGACACTCAAA
<br />AACCCTCTCCCGTGTCAGCCCCTCTGGATGACGATGACTTGTGGCTTCCACCCCCTGAATACGTCCC
<br />GCTAAAAGAACTTACAAGCAAGAAGAACAGGAGGAACTTTTGTATCAACGGAGGGGTTAAAGTGTGT
<br />AGCCCGAATGGTTACTCGTTCGGGATCCTGCGGCACATTCTGAGATCATTCGACGAGATATATTCTG
<br />GGAATCATAGGATGGTCGGGTTAGTCAAAGTAGTTATTGGACTGGCTTTGTCAGGAGCTCCAGTCCC
<br />TGAGGGCATGAACTGGGTATACAAGTTGAGGAGAACCCTTATCTTCCAGTGGGCTGATTCCAGGGGC
<br />CCTCTTGAAGGGGAGGAGTTGGAATACTCTCAGGAGATCACTTGGGATGATAATACTGAGTTCGTCG
<br />GATTGCAAATAAGAGTGAGTGCAAAACAGTGTCATATCCGGGGCAGAATCTGGTGTATCAACATGAA
<br />CTCGAGAGCAGGTCAACTATGGTCTGACATGTCTCTTCAGACACAAAGGTCCGAAGAGGACAAAGAT
<br />TCCTCTCTGCTTCTAGAATAATCAGATTATATCCCGCAAATTTATCACTTGTTTACCTCTGGAGGAG
<br />AGAACATATGGGCTCAACTCCAACCCTTGGGGGCAATATAACAAAAAAACATGTTATGGTGCCATTA
<br />AACCGCTGCATTTCATCAAAGTCAAGTTAATTACCTTTACATTTTGATCCTCTTGGATGTGAAAAAAA
<br />
<br /><strong>4) RABVgp2</strong>
<br /><strong>Gene ID:</strong> 1489854
<br /><strong>Locus tag:</strong> RABVgp2
<br /><strong>RNA Name: </strong> M1 mRNA
<br /><strong>Annotation:</strong> NC_001542.1 (1485..2475)
<br />
<br /><strong>Nucleotide Sequence:</strong>
<br />
<br />AACACCCCTCCTTTCGAACCACCCCAAACATGAGCAAGATCTTTGTCAATCCTAGTGCTATTAGA
<br />GCCGGTCTGGCCGATCTTGAGATGGCTGAAGAAACTGTTGATCTGATCAATAGAAATATCGAAGA
<br />CAATCAGGCTCATCTCCAAGGGGAACCCATAGAAGTGGACAATCTCCCTGAGGATATGGGGCGAC
<br />TTCACCTGGATGATGGAAAATCGCCCAACCCTGGTGAGATGGCCAAGGTGGGAGAAGGCAAGTAT
<br />CGAGAGGACTTTCAGATGGATGAAGGAGAGGATCCTAGCCTCCTGTTCCAGTCATACCTGGACAA
<br />TGTTGGAGTCCAAATAGTCAGACAAATAAGGTCAGGAGAGAGATTTCTCAAGATATGGTCACAGA
<br />CCGTAGAAGAGATTATATCCTATGTCGCGGTCAACTTTCCCAACCCTCCAGGAAAGTCTTCAGAG
<br />GATAAATCAACCCAGACTACCGGCCGAGAGCTCAAGAAGGAGACAACACCCACTCCTTCTCAGAG
<br />AGAAAGCCAATCCTCGAAAGCCAGGATGGCGGCTCAAACTGCTTCTGGCCCTCCAGCCCTTGAAT
<br />GGTCGGCCACCAATGAAGAGGATGATCTATCAGTGGAGGCTGAGATCGCTCACCAGATTGCAGAA
<br />AGTTTCTCCAAAAAATATAAGTTTCCCTCTCGATCCTCAGGGATACTCTTGTATAATTTTGAGCA
<br />ATTGAAAATGAACCTTGATGATATAGTTAAAGAGGCAAAAAATGTACCAGGTGTGACCCGTTTAG
<br />CCCGTGACGGGTCCAAACTCCCCCTAAGATGTGTACTGGGATGGGTCGCCTTGGCCAACTCTAAG
<br />AAATTCCAGTTGTTAGTCGAATCCAACAAGCTGAGTAAAATCATGCAAGATGACTTGAATCGCT
<br />ATACATCTTGCTAACCGAACCTCTCCACTCAGTCCCTCTAGACAATAAAGTCCGAGATGTCCTA
<br />AAGTCAACATGAAAAAAA
<br />
<br /><strong>5) RABVgp1</strong>
<br /><strong>Gene ID:</strong> 1489853
<br /><strong>Locus tag:</strong> RABVgp1
<br /><strong>RNA Name:</strong> N mRNA
<br /><strong>Annotation:</strong> NC_001542.1 (59..1482)
<br />
<br /><strong>Nucleotide Sequence:</strong>
<br />
<br />AACACCTCTACAATGGATGCCGACAAGATTGTATTCAAAGTCAATAATCAGGTGGTCTCTTT
<br />GAAGCCTGAGATTATCGTGGATCAATATGAGTACAAGTACCCTGCCATCAAAGATTTGAAAA
<br />AGCCCTGTATAACTCTAGGAAAGGCTCCCGATTTAAATAAAGCATACAAGTCAGTTTTATCA
<br />TGCATGAGCGCCGCCAAACTTGATCCTGACGATGTATGTTCCTATTTGGCGGCGGCAATGCA
<br />GTTTTTTGAGGGGACATGTCCGGAAGACTGGACCAGCTATGGAATCGTGATTGCACGAAAAG
<br />GAGATAAGATCACCCCAGGTTCTCTGGTGGAGATAAAACGTACTGATGTAGAAGGGAATTGG
<br />GCTCTGACAGGAGGCATGGAACTGACAAGAGACCCCACTGTCCCTGAGCATGCGTCCTTAGT
<br />CGGTCTTCTCTTGAGTCTGTATAGGTTGAGCAAAATATCCGGGCAAAGCACTGGTAACTATA
<br />AGACAAACATTGCAGACAGGATAGAGCAGATTTTTGAGACAGCCCCTTTTGTTAAAATCGTG
<br />GAACACCATACTCTAATGACAACTCACAAAATGTGTGCTAATTGGAGTACTATACCAAACTT
<br />CAGATTTTTGGCCGGAACCTATGACATGTTTTTCTCCCGGATTGAGCATCTATATTCAGCAA
<br />TCAGAGTGGGCACAGTTGTCACTGCTTATGAAGACTGTTCAGGACTGGTGTCATTTACTGGG
<br />TTCATAAAACAAATCAATCTCACCGCTAGAGAGGCAATACTATATTTCTTCCACAAGAACTT
<br />TGAGGAAGAGATAAGAAGAATGTTTGAGCCAGGGCAGGAGACAGCTGTTCCTCACTCTTATT
<br />TCATCCACTTCCGTTCACTAGGCTTGAGTGGGAAATCTCCTTATTCATCAAATGCTGTTGGT
<br />CACGTGTTCAATCTCATTCACTTTGTAGGATGCTATATGGGTCAAGTCAGATCCCTAAATGC
<br />AACGGTTATTGCTGCATGTGCTCCTCATGAAATGTCTGTTCTAGGGGGCTATCTGGGAGAGG
<br />AATTCTTCGGGAAAGGGACATTTGAAAGAAGATTCTTCAGAGATGAGAAAGAACTTCAAGAA
<br />TACGAGGCGGCTGAACTGACAAAGACTGACGTAGCACTGGCAGATGATGGAACTGTCAACTC
<br />TGACGACGAGGACTACTTCTCAGGTGAAACCAGAAGTCCGGAAGCTGTTTATACTCGAATCA
<br />TAATGAATGGAGGTCGACTGAAGAGATCGCACATACGGAGATATGTCTCAGTCAGTTCCAAT
<br />CATCAAGCTCGTCCAAACTCATTCGCCGAGTTTCTAAACAAGACATATTCGAGTGACTCATA
<br />AGAAGTTGAATAACAAAATGCCGGAAATCTACGGATTGTGTATATCCATCATGAAAAAAA
<br />
<br />The above five genes are encodes for following five proteins.
<br />1) L protein , 2) transmembrane glycoprotein G , 3) M2 protein,
<br />4) phosphoprotein M1 and 5 ) nucleoprotein N.
<br />
<br /><strong>Reference:</strong>
<br />NCBI Genome Project.
<br />( National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA)
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<br />Palanivelanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08889093062487636415noreply@blogger.com0